Since the beginning of the 1980s, several regions in the northern Sahara of Algeria have been confronting the rising groundwater. Among all these regions, Oued Souf Valley represented one of the most acute affected by this phenomenon. Due to the natural topography and the insufficient/weakness of water management and miscoordination between different sectors that are represented by intensive exploitation of deep groundwater reservoirs which returns to the shallow aquifer, absence of sewage and drainage network, leakage from drinking water supply system, the groundwater has raised to the surface or near to the surface, affecting the traditional cultural environment and urban areas and degrading all socio-economic aspects of the Oued Souf habitants. To preserve the Oued Souf environment, a vertical drainage system has been constructed. Consequently, in this research, an evaluation of the vertical drainage system performance and its impact on groundwater level stabilization has been performed by mapping the water table of the phreatic groundwater level using geostatistical modeling using ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation method, which has been applied to analyze the spatial and temporal structure of groundwater level fluctuation. Meanwhile, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied for grouping the wells based on the groundwater fluctuations for 2008, 2009, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2021. However, the vertical drainage system reflected a significant decline of groundwater from 2009 to 2018 due to the important drained volumes through it but another rising phenomenon might be threatening the region in the near future and this is what was indicated in the 2021 groundwater level data. Cluster analysis has generated four groups based on their fluctuation means that are increasing from the first group to the fourth group ascendingly. The first cluster grouped the drains that have a shallow depth (average mean of 5.91 mbgl) and declined over the clusters. The clusters are spatially combined with significant separation of the fourth cluster which represents the deepest group (12.89 mbgl). Based on this research, several factors are influencing the stability of the phreatic groundwater level and even the performance of the drainage system, the most important of which is the overexploitation from deep groundwater reservoirs such as complex terminal and continental intercalary (in drinking and irrigation) and even the illegal use of the phreatic groundwater with important quantities for irrigation and illegal industries.

Hydraulic jumps are experimentally examined in a horizontal symmetrical triangular channel of 90° central angle. This study investigates the main features of both the minimum-B jump and the sill-controlled jump under various inflow conditions. The development of jumps was ensured using either a thin-crested or a broad-crested sill. Based on a large experimental program, the data were fitted to empirical relations to detect the effect of the inflow Froude number on the relative sill height, the sequent depths ratio and the non-dimensional toe position of the sill. The relations obtained are recommended for designing irrigation ditches.

The control of a hydraulic jump by both thin-crested and broad-crested sills in a U-shaped channel is examined theoretically and experimentally. Under certain simplifications, the theoretical development results in explicit relations for the relative sill height, by including the effect of approach velocity. This also leads to a similar condition for the control by a sill in the rectangular channel, by extension of the Forster and Skrinde approach. A particular study is presented to define the conditions required for the minimum height of a broad-crested sill. Finally, the relative length of jump is quantified by accounting for the relative depth of the approaching flow.

The hydraulic jump in a sloped triangular channel of 90° central angle is theoretically and experimentally examined. The study aims to determine the effect of the channel's slope on the sequent depth ratio of the jump. A theoretical relation is proposed for the inflow Froude number as function of the sequent depth ratio and the channel slope. An experimental analysis is also proposed to find a better formulation of the obtained relation. For this motive, six positive slopes are tested. The relations obtained are recommended for designing irrigation ditches.

The control of an hydraulic jump by a thin wall continuous sill in a triangular channel with an aperture of 90° is analyzed experimentally. A relationship for the control of the hydraulic jump under any conditions of generation is presented in an adimensionnal form in order to have a general validity character. The sill effect on the stilling basin is observed and evaluated. This research has its application in the ditch irrigation with triangular shape, using the jump ability to raise the flow head plane downstream.

The hydraulic jump in a sloped trapezoidal channel is theoretically and experimentally examined. The study aims to determine the effect of the channel's slope on the sequent depth ratio of the jump. A theoretical relation is proposed for the inflow Froude number as function of the sequent depth ratio and the channel slope. An experimental analysis is also proposed to find a better formulation of the obtained relation. For this motive, five positive slopes are tested. The relations obtained are recommended for designing irrigation ditches