Skin damage and premature aging are predominantly driven by UV radiation through several mechanisms. The most common of these are by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and weakened antioxidant defenses. Moringa oleifera is a nutritionally valuable plant with diverse biological activities. This study optimized ethanol concentrations coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction to maximize the yield and efficacy of M. oleifera leaf extract (MOLE). We also elucidated the underlying mechanisms of MOLE in protecting against photooxidative damage and skin aging from UVB exposure in HaCaT keratinocytes. Extraction with 50% ethanol produced the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, aligning with the greatest antioxidant activity by ABTS and FRAP assays. MOLE showed no significant cytotoxicity up to 1000 µg/mL in the MTT assay. MOLE protected cells from detrimental UVB radiation by scavenging ROS; reducing cell damage and death; enhancing gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT); and improving SOD activity. UVB exposure elevated MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 expression and decreased collagen type I (col-1) and elastin (ELN) expression, while these effects were ameliorated by MOLE. Our findings suggest that MOLE protected against UVB-induced photooxidative damage and premature aging in the HaCaT keratinocytes.

Breast cancer recurrence continues to pose a major clinical problem, despite significant advancements in early diagnosis and an aggressive mode of treatment. This study aimed at investigating the anticancer activity of Oroxylum indicum extract (OIE) by assessing cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis in metastatic breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines. This study also estimated the phytochemical profiles of OIE by LC‐QTOF‐MS. The extract was found to contain six identified flavonoid substances, and baicalein was the most abundant substance in the extract. Cell proliferation capacity was performed by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and colony formation assays. The effect of OIE on cell migration was determined using wound healing and transwell assays. Meanwhile, MDA‐MB‐231‐induced angiogenesis on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was applied to investigate the ex vivo antiangiogenesis activity of the extracts. OIE at concentrations lower than 600 μg/mL had no cytotoxic effects against MDA‐MB‐231 cells. OIE was found to inhibit the long‐term colony formation ability of MDA‐MB‐231 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Antimigration and antiangiogenesis activities were further investigated using noncytotoxic concentrations of OIE ranging from 25 to 150 μg/mL. OIE greatly reduced the migration of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells in a dose‐dependent manner. OIE significantly suppressed the MDA‐MB‐231‐induced angiogenesis, and there was no substantial toxic effect on natural angiogenesis. Interestingly, the concentration of OIE at 150 μg/mL was as practically potent as pazopanib, the positive anticancer drug, at 4.37 μg/mL in inhibiting MDA‐MB‐231 cell migration and angiogenesis induced by these cells. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of OIE in cell proliferation and cell migration, together with antiangiogenesis in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, suggesting that OIE has the potential to be a novel adjunct candidate for breast cancer chemotherapeutic agents.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)-derived antimicrobial compounds are recognized as a promising source of novel antimicrobial agents, particularly for the treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), where the mode of action and associated cellular effects remain largely unexplored. This study aims to evaluate antibacterial activity of Limosilactobacillus fermentum YTPP05 isolated from pickled radish against MRSA. Upon the initial antibacterial evaluations, it was found that strain YTPP05 inhibited the growth of MRSA isolates. Multiplex PCR identified multiple resistance genes in our MRSA strains, including mecA, blaZ, and aacA genes, aligning with antibacterial susceptibility profiles determined by the disc diffusion assay. An agar overlay assay showed that YTPP05 possessed antibacterial potential, with the largest inhibition zone diameters of 40.83 ± 8.43 mm, while the inhibition zones of the Cell Free Supernatant (CFS) of YTPP05 by an agar well diffusion were 27.16 ± 2.93 mm against the MRSA isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of YTPP05-derived CFS were 125 mg/mL. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrated YTPP05 extracts caused cell membrane disruption, bubble-like protrusion, and cell lysis. Collectively, this study highlights the anti-MRSA potential of YTPP05 as an alternative antimicrobial agent for combating MRSA infections.