In terms of new technologies that continue to have an impact on daily life, artificial intelligence (AI) covers a wide range. Due to the development of AI, it is now feasible to analyze large amounts of data, which enhances decision-making by supplying accurate information. Dentistry, which is intertwined with technology, is an area open to development with artificial intelligence applications. AI applications come to the fore in areas such as diagnosis of various pathologies, planning of complex treatments and robotic surgery. The aim of this section is to review the current and potential uses of AI applications in dentistry, to examine the innovations and possible contributions to the field.

Objective: The aim of this retrospective comparative cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of radiographically detected pulp stones on panoramic radiographs and investigate their possible association with systemic diseases. Methods: A total of 1,000 panoramic radiographs obtained from the archive of the Faculty of Dentistry at Fırat University between 2019 and 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Participants were divided into four groups: control ( n = 400), cardiovascular disease ( n = 200), diabetes mellitus (DM) ( n = 200), and kidney stone ( n = 200). The presence of radiographically detected pulp stones, tooth location (according to the FDI system), and age groups were recorded. Statistical analyses included the chi-square test and age- and sex-adjusted binary logistic regression analyses. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Results: The overall prevalence of radiographically detected pulp stones was 28.1%. The prevalence was significantly higher in the diabetes mellitus (38.5%), cardiovascular disease (34.0%), and kidney stone (31.0%) groups compared with the control group (18.5%) ( p < 0.001). In the unadjusted analysis, the odds of pulp stone presence were significantly higher in the diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.25), cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.89), and kidney stone groups (OR = 1.62). However, these crude associations changed substantially after adjustment for age and sex, with adjusted estimates moving below the null value, suggesting substantial confounding by age and limited comparability between the disease and control groups. Age remained the strongest independent predictor in the adjusted model ( p < 0.001). The highest prevalence was observed in the 46–60 age group (41.0%), and females showed a significantly higher prevalence than males ( p = 0.04). Radiographically detected pulp stones were most frequently observed in the maxillary and mandibular first molars. Conclusion: Radiographically detected pulp stones were more frequently observed in individuals with systemic diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. However, although higher crude prevalence rates were observed in the systemic disease groups, these associations changed substantially after adjustment for age and sex, with adjusted estimates moving below the null value, suggesting substantial confounding by age and limited comparability between the disease and control groups. Due to the retrospective cross-sectional design and the limitations of panoramic radiography, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Further prospective multicenter studies using advanced imaging modalities are needed to clarify these associations.

Early diagnosis and effective treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy are the greatest priority. A delay in treatment can have severe adverse effects on the mother and unborn child.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4 levels are checked as the first test to evaluate thyroid function during pregnancy. TSH levels are elevated, and T4 levels are depleted in hypothyroidism. About 2.5% of pregnant women experience it. Hypothyroidism, if left untreated, can cause neurological issues and developmental delays. 0.1-0.4% of pregnant women have hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease accounts for 80-85% of cases in pregnant women. Functional adenoma, thyroiditis, and thyrotoxicosis factitia are additional causes of hyperthyroidism in pregnant women besides Graves' disease (use of high-dose thyroxine hormone). Abortion, pre-eclampsia, premature birth, retardation in the baby's normal development, and intrauterine fetal death are possible outcomes if a pregnant woman with hyperthyroidism is not treated effectively.Levothyroxine (LT4), used in treating hypothyroidism in pregnant women, should be started as soon as possible. During the follow-up period, it is appropriate to measure TSH every 6-8 weeks after the initiation of treatment. TSH levels should be maintained between 0.5 and 2.5 mU/L during the first trimester of pregnancy and between 0.5 and 2.5 mU/L during the second and third trimesters.Medical therapy is the first line of treatment for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. The goal of treatment is to maintain a serum fT4 level close to the upper limit of average values using the smallest effective dose of antithyroid medication. Due to potential side effects, treatment with propylthiouracil is preferred among antithyroid drugs. Propylthiouracil can be started at 100–150 mg per day. With 4-6 weeks of follow-up, the serum fT4 level to be used in the follow-up should be checked.

Sevgili Okuyucularımız , Kitabımızı bilim ışığında değerli çalışmalar yapan dostlarımız sayesinde tamamladık. Her çağda önemini sürdüren sağlık kavramı son birkaç yıldır dünyayı etkisi altına alan covid-19 salgını ve ülkemizin derin bir şekilde etkisini yaşamış olduğu deprem afeti ile önemini bir kez daha ortaya koymuştur. Eğitimin sürekliliğine inanan biz sağlık çalışanları bilgi ile donanmış ve akıl ile kanıta dayalı bilgiyi kullanan toplumların sağlık sınavlarını çok daha az yara alarak ve daha az kayıp ile atlatacağını düşünüyoruz. Bu sebeple kitabın bizim için amacı içindeki bilinen bilgiler ve bilinmeyenler vasıtasıyla okuyucularını uyarmak suretiyle gelecekteki çalışmalara bir parça olsun ışık tutabilmek, karanlığı aydınlatabilmektir. Sunulan kitabımızın kavramasının kolay olması ile tıp, diş hekimliği, eczacılık, veterinerlik fakülteleri bilim insanlarına destek olmasının yanında tüm insanlık için yeni ufuklar açmasını temenni ediyoruz. Sağlık bilimlerinde çalışan bilim insanlarına ve kitabımıza destek veren yazar ekibimize teşekkür ederim. Dr. Enes Karaman Dear Readers, We have completed our book thanks to our friends who do valuable studies in the light of science. The concept of health, which continues to be important in every age, has once again revealed its importance with the covid-19 epidemic that has affected the world for the last few years and the earthquake disaster that our country has experienced deeply. We, the healthcare professionals who believe in the continuity of education, think that societies equipped with knowledge and using intelligence and evidence-based knowledge will pass the health exams with much less injury and loss. For this reason, the aim of the book for us is to shed some light on future studies and to illuminate the darkness by warning its readers through the known information and unknowns in it. We hope that our presented book will be easy to understand and will open new horizons for all humanity as well as supporting scientists from faculties of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine. I would like to thank the scientists working in the health sciences and our team of authors who supported our book. Dr. Enes Karaman