Sustaining the long-term operation of decentralized wastewater treatment facilities remains a challenge in resource-limited settings. This study evaluated an integrated biofilter-constructed wetland system installed at Eswatini Christian University in Mbabane, Eswatini, through a field monitoring campaign in 2015 and a qualitative operational follow-up in 2026. During the 2015 field campaign, the system reduced chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus by 87.1%, 73.3%, and 79.0%, respectively. A 2026 follow-up documented continued use of one biofilter and the wetland, while other installed units were no longer operating. This follow-up provided the reported operational status but did not verify treatment performance after 2015. These findings highlight the need to distinguish continued operation from verified treatment performance when assessing the long-term sustainability of decentralized wastewater treatment. Based on this evidence, we propose a sustainability framework in which modular sustainable engineering, institutional and technical support, and financing act as practical enablers of long-term operation, while preventive public health and social welfare value provide the rationale for maintaining treatment service over time. The Eswatini case therefore supports a broader perspective in which decentralized wastewater systems are designed, financed, and monitored as environmental health infrastructure rather than one-time technology installations.

Korean 미ㆍ중 갈등과 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁으로 지정학적 갈등이 고조되면서 전 세계적으로 공급망ㆍ기술ㆍ에너지 등 다양한 분야에서 마찰이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 마찰은 한 국가의 경제성장과 안보까지 위협하는 문제로 심화될 수 있어서 경제안보의 관점에서 분석해야 할 분야들이 점차 늘어나고 있다. 이에 본 보고서에서는 공급망ㆍ기술ㆍ에너지ㆍ식량 등 주요 분야뿐만 아니라 우주 분야, 그리고 북한 체제의 안정성 악화에 의한 한국경제의 하방 리스크 등 다양한 경제안보 이슈를 소개하고 이에 관한 대응 및 협력 방향을 모색하였다. English As geopolitical conflicts escalate, such as the US-China conflict and the Russia-Ukraine war, friction arises in various fields such as supply chain, technology, and energy. These frictions can pose a threat to the economic growth and security of a country, so the fields that need to be analyzed from the perspective of economic security are gradually expanding. Therefore, this report introduces various economic security issues in major sectors such as supply chain, technology, energy, and food. It also examines the downside risks to the Korean economy due to the deterioration of stability in the North Korean regime and space. Finally, it suggests ways to respond and cooperate.