Calf diarrhea is a common and severe disease in the livestock industry, leading to poor growth and high mortality rates in calves, thereby causing significant economic losses. With increasing concerns over antibiotic resistance, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural products have garnered widespread attention as alternative therapeutic options for managing calf diarrhea. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the utilization of TCM, natural products, and plant extracts for the prevention and treatment of calf diarrhea. The mechanisms underlying their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and intestinal protective effects are critically analyzed in this review. Additionally, the safety profiles and potential applications of these natural agents are evaluated to provide a comprehensive understanding of their roles in the control of diseases. By integrating the latest research findings, this review aims to offer theoretical support and practical guidance for the green and sustainable prevention and control of calf diarrhea, addressing the urgent need for effective, safe, and environmentally friendly therapeutic strategies in modern animal husbandry.