The prepared lignin from black liquor of bagasse was added to PVA/Gelatin blends (80/20%) at 5.0 to 20.0 phr concentrations (part per hundred volume of the blend). The prepared PVA/Gelatin-Lignin composites subjected to 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 25.0 kGy of gamma irradiation doses. Lignin characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS), tensile strength (TS) and water absorption. Lignin was 712 to 1106 nm in diameter size. TS of the composites was decreased by lignin content up to 20.0 phr and increases by irradiation dose at 5.0 kGy. The water absorption was decreased and not changed greatly by time after 3 h. After 90 days of exposure in soil burial analysis, the PVA/Gelatin-Lignin blends with (15.0 and 20.0 phr) of lignin at 10.0 kGy are expected to degrade at a slow rate. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that lignin enhanced the thermal stability of composites. PVA/Gelatin-Lignin blends exert highly antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against food-borne contaminants Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa where hydroxyl group of lignin as a phenolic compound interact with the bacterial cell causing cell membrane disruption, the infiltration of cell component and ultimately bacterial cell lysis. B. subtilis was mostly affected by lignin at 15.0phr and 10.0kGy to record (inhibition zone of 28.12 mm) and antibiofilm activity (73.6%). It indicted lignin may be used as packaging food materials.

Different concentrations of fillers such as manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) were incorporated into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)-interlinked composites. The prepared composite systems were irradiated by electrons at a constant dose of 50 kGy to induce radiation cross-linking under atmospheric conditions. The effect of different contents of fillers and temperature variations on direct current (DC) electrical conductivity, σ_DC, in NBR/MnO₂ and NBR/Fe₃O₄ mixture systems was investigated. The calculated activation energy, Δ E_DC, from σ_DC was found to be highly affected by both the type and concentration of the fillers, while the dielectric properties namely dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and the alternating current (AC) electrical conductivity ( σ_AC), were measured as functions of frequency and temperature and for different filler concentrations of MnO₂ and Fe₃O₄. The σ_AC value was calculated from dielectric measurements and by employing a simple relationship. The analysis of the σ_AC results shows that the conductivity increases up to a temperature of about 330 K. Further increase of temperature reduces the conductivity of Fe₃O₄ samples, while the conductivity of MnO₂ samples tends to show almost constant values after this temperature. Mechanical properties, tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus at 100% elongation, and hardness were established as a function of different concentrations of fillers MnO₂ and Fe₃O₄. It was found that filler incorporation into the NBR matrix is one of the major factors that enhance the TS as well as hardness resistance, while the elongation at break shows an adverse behavior by increasing the content of MnO₂ and Fe₃O₄ fillers.

Sorbic acid (SA) is available in the market for low-cost and eco-friendly. It is known for using as a preservative. SA was used as a modifier together with gamma radiation to improve the properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM). The effect of SA concentration and gamma irradiation dose on the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of EPDM was investigated. The results indicated that the properties of EPDM rubber blended with SA were improved compared to untreated EPDM sample. The highest improvement was achieved by using SA concentrations of 10 phr (part per hundred part of rubber) a dose of 100 kGy of gamma irradiation. These findings were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).