Proteomic techniques have become popular in medicine and dentistry because of their widespread use in analyzing bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, and gingival crevicular fluids as well as hard tissues such as enamel, dentine, and cementum. This review is a guide to proteomic techniques in general dentistry, summarizing techniques and their clinical application in understanding and diagnosing diseases and their use in identifying biomarkers of various diseases.

Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder, defined as a white plaque that cannot be diagnosed as another known disease or disorder, and has an increased risk of malignancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of CO2 laser treatment in a well-defined cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia in order to identify the occurrence of clinical outcomes of relapse, resolution, or malignancy after treatment. The study group comprised 37 patients. Before treatment, clinical photographs and incisional biopsies were obtained in all cases. In addition, the post-treatment results were documented using photographs. Evaluation of treatment results was performed by an independent researcher who had not performed the surgery. The minimum, maximum, and mean values of continuous variables were calculated. Statistically significant relationships were tested using the Cox regression analysis. A survival curve was constructed according to the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the malignant transformation and recurrence of oral leukoplakia. The clinical outcomes analyzed were resolution, recurrence, and malignancy. The mean follow-up period was 36 months (range, 6-239 months). In 13/37 patients, leukoplakia recurred between 6 and 93 months (mean, 38.2 months). In 8/37 patients, a malignant transformation occurred (mean, 50.6 months). In 16/37 patients, lesion resolution occurred. No risk factor was statistically significant for malignancy or recurrence of lesions. The treatment of the lesions by CO2 laser was efficient in the removal of the lesions; however, it did not avoid the clinical outcomes of recurrence or malignancy.

Saliva is important for the preservation and maintenance of normal physiological conditions of oral tissues, and factors influencing its decrease are associated with the risk for oral diseases. Xerostomia is the subjective sensation of oral dryness, which can be influenced by etiological factors including the use of several types of medications, Sjogren’s and metabolic syndromes, head and neck irradiation, among others. Treatment methods for xerostomia vary and can be local or systemic. The aim of this article is to present the results of a literature review addressing the correlation between xerostomia and its incidence and prevalence in the older adult population. Results of this review highlight the importance of diagnosis and appropriate management, and briefly describe treatment modalities and etiological factors such as medications, Sjogren’s syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and head and neck irradiation.

The composition of saliva is essential for the oral cavity homeostasis, therefore, the decrease in salivary flow leads to consequences, such as an increase of dental caries, dry mouth and lips, dysgeusia, dysphagia, gingivitis, halitosis, mastication problems, oral mucositis, oral pharyngeal candidiasis, sleeping and speaking difficulties and traumatic oral lesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the sialometry technique by weighing in comparison to the sialometry technique by volume. Fifty patients without previous complaint of xerostomia and/or hyposalivation were selected at the Oral Medicine Clinic, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. All samples were collected between 9 am and 10 am and the whole saliva was collect stimulated and unstimulated. Six cotton rolls were prepared, divided into three pairs and placed in different universal dispensers of a random brand, they were weighed in a previously calibrated analytical balance (FA-2104N CELTAC). The sialometry test was performed in three steps: unstimulated salivary flow, salivary flow with stimulation of 1% citric acid solution and stimulation of 1% citric acid solution every 30 seconds. The results of the weighing method were compared to the standard method. There was no significant statistical difference between the two types of collection and 100% of the participants expressed their preference for the weighing method.