The purpose of this study was to evaluate the uniformity of distribution coefficient (UDC) and coefficient of variation (CV) of a familiar set of irrigation, classifying it the ASAE standard. The irrigation and fertigation are determined by two methods the KELLER & KARMELI and DENÍCULI . The two experiments were subjected to varying pressures: 12, 14, 16 and 18 kPa, in a completely randomized design of twenty samples composed of flows with three replications. Urea, potassium chloride (KCl) and ammonium phosphate (MAP) were the elements used for fertigation. The system consisted of a 200 L tank, which supplied another container of 30 L, it was moved vertically to control the pressure. The data was statistically compared between treatments for each methodology. In fertigation the best pressure was 16 kPa and was classified as "excellent" for UDC (91.03%) and "marginal" for C.V. (7.47%). For the irrigation treatment, the best pressure was 16 kPa rated "excellent" for UDC (91.2%) and "marginal" for C.V. (7.68%). The DENÍCULI et al. (1980) methodology proved more reliable for the evaluation of drip systems. It was observed that this set has good uniformity of distribution, but with great variability in flows.

1  RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma produção de alface fertirrigada com águas residuárias de agroindústrias de processamento de carne e leite. As águas foram coletadas após o sistema de tratamento em lagoas de estabilização, o qual é amplamente utilizado por agroindústrias da região oeste do Paraná, Brasil. Desta forma, os objetivos específicos foram a avaliação do desempenho do sistema de fertirrigação por gotejamento pela uniformidade, gráficos de controle e parâmetros físico-químicos, e o desenvolvimento da cultura de alface sob os aspectos de produtividade, teores de nitrato e higiênico-sanitário. Estatisticamente o experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições totalizando 20 parcelas sobre os quais se dispuseram o sistema de fertirrigação constituído por tubos gotejadores do modelo "Chapin". As fertirrigações ocorreram numa concentração de 60 Kg.ha^-1 de nitrogênio diluídos na água de irrigação por meio de um injetor Venturi de ¾". Os Coeficientes de uniformidade obtidos nos tratamentos foram em média maiores que 80% e as cartas de controle mostraram que o processo esteve sob controle estatístico. As produções da alface nos tratamentos fertirrigados com efluentes das agroindústrias de carne e leite foram respectivamente de 70,38 ton ha^-1 e 59,60 ton ha^-1, estatisticamente equivalente ao fertirrigado pela uréia. Os teores de nitrato obtidos ficaram abaixo dos padrões de referência e os de contaminação microbiológica abaixo dos padrões recomendados pela legislação brasileira. Palavras-chave: coeficiente de uniformidade, controle da qualidade, irrigação localizada, nitrato em hortaliças. JUCHEN, C. R.; SUSZEK, F. L.; VILAS BOAS, M. A. DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PRODUCTION OF LETTUCE FERTIRRIGATION WITH WATER AGROINDUSTRY  WASTEWATER 2  ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of lettuce production fertigated with wastewater from meat and milk processing plants. The water was collected after a treatment process consisting of stabilization ponds, which is widely used by agribusinesses in western Parana state, Brazil. Thus, the specific objectives were to evaluate the performance of the drip fertigation system regarding uniformity, control graphs and physiochemical parameters, and also the development of the lettuce culture with regard to productivity, nitrate levels and hygienic-sanitary aspects. The experiment was completely randomized with four treatments and five replications in a total of 20 plots under a fertigation system consisting of model "Chapin" driplines. The fertigations occurred at a concentration of 60 kg•ha-1 of nitrogen diluted in irrigation water through a ¾" Venturi injector. The uniformity coefficients obtained in the treatments were on average higher than 80% and control charts showed that the process was under statistical control. The production of lettuce in fertigation with effluents from meat and milk processing plants were respectively 70.38 ton•ha-1 and 59.60 ton•ha-1, statistically equivalent to urea fertigation. The nitrate levels obtained were below standards and the microbial contamination was also below the standards recommended by the Brazilian legislation. Keywords: uniformity coefficient, quality control, irrigation, nitrate in vegetables

UNIFORMITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH LIQUID PEAT ON DIFFERENT SLOPES ALLAN REMOR LOPES1; MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS1; FELIX AUGUSTO PAZUCH1; LUCIANO DALLA CORTE1; BENEDITO MARTINS GOMES1; ROSEBEL TRINDADE CUNHA PRATES2 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola (PGEAGRI) – Departamento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental (RHESA), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Rua Universitária 2069, Jardim Universitário, CEP: 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil, allanremorlopes@gmail.com; marcio.vilasboas@unioeste.br; felix_pazuch@hotmail.com; dallacorte@hotmail.com; bmgomes2002@yahoo.com.br 2Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Rodovia PR 182 Km 02, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brasil, rosebel.prates@gmail.com 1 ABSTRACT The use of liquid peat is an alternative to use of mineral fertigation However, it is necessary to monitor the uniformity of this organomineral fertilizer in order to obtain its adequate use, so the organomineral fertilizer can produce better quality crops. This study aimed to evaluate the uniformity of a drip fertigation system with liquid peats on different slopes. The experiment was carried out on a test bench, where the flow rate of the drippers was determined and subsequently its uniformity was calculated using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) fot the treatments in level (0%), uphill (2%) and downhill (2%). The experimental statistics were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test at 5% probability to compare uniformity, in addition to the analysis of the process by Shewhart and CUSUM control charts. Liquid peat showed excellence in its uniformity (>90%) while used for drip irrigation systems. The liquid peat applied at the level slope was the most uniform, followed by upslope and downslope treatments, respectively. Through Shewhart and CUSUM control charts, it was possible to affirm that fertigation with liquid peat in level obtained a better performance. Keywords: control chart, uniformity, organomineral fertilizer, microirrigation. LOPES, A. R.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; PAZUCH, F. A.; DALLA CORTE, L.; GOMES, B. M.; PRATES, R. T. C. UNIFORMIDADE DE SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO COM TURFA LÍQUIDA EM DIFERENTES INCLINAÇÕES 2 RESUMO O uso da turfa líquida é uma alternativa ao uso da fertirrigação mineral. No entanto, é necessário o monitoramento da uniformidade deste fertilizante organomineral para obter seu uso adequado, assim o fertilizante organomineral pode produzir culturas de melhor qualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a uniformidade de um sistema de fertirrigação por gotejamento com turfa líquida em diferentes inclinações. O experimento foi conduzido em uma bancada de testes, onde a vazão dos gotejadores foi determinada e consequentemente sua uniformidade pelo Coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) para os tratamentos em nível (0%), aclive (2%) e declive (2%). A estatística experimental foi determinada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade na comparação da uniformidade, complementando os gráficos de controle de Shewhart e CUSUM. A turfa líquida apresentou excelência na sua uniformidade (> 90%) em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento. A turfa aplicada em nível (0%) foi a mais uniforme, seguido pelos tratamentos em aclive e declive, respectivamente. Através dos gráficos de controle de Shewhart e CUSUM foi possível afirmar que a fertirrigação em nível obteve uma melhor performance. Palavras-chave: gráficos de controle, uniformidade, fertilizante organomineral, microirrigação.

A sequential batch reactor with suspended biomass and useful volume of 5 L was used in the removal of nutrients and organic matter in workbench scale under optimal conditions obtained by central composite rotational design (CCRD), with cycle time (CT) of 16 h (10.15 h, aerobic phase, and 4.35 h, anoxic phase) and carbon: nitrogen ratio (COD/NO2--N+NO3--N) equal to 6. Complete cycles (20), nitrification followed by denitrification, were evaluated to investigate the kinetic behavior of degradation of organic (COD) and nitrogenated (NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N) matter present in the effluent from a bird slaughterhouse and industrial processing facility, as well as to evaluate the stability of the reactor using Shewhart control charts of individual measures. The results indicate means total inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N+NO2- -N+NO3--N) removal of 84.32±1.59% and organic matter (COD) of 53.65±8.48% in the complete process (nitrification-denitrification) with the process under statistical control. The nitrifying activity during the aerobic phase estimated from the determination of the kinetic parameters had mean K1 and K2 values of 0.00381±0.00043 min-1 and 0.00381±0.00043 min-1, respectively. The evaluation of the kinetic behavior of the conversion of nitrogen indicated a possible reduction of CT in the anoxic phase, since removals of NO2--N and NO3--N higher than 90% were obtained with only 1 h of denitrification.

The current study used statistical methods of quality control to evaluate the performance of a sewage treatment station. The concerned station is located in Cascavel city, Paraná State. The evaluated parameters were hydrogenionic potential, settleable solids, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand in five days. Statistical analysis was performed through Shewhart control charts and process capability ratio. According to Shewhart charts, only the BOD(5.20) variable was under statistical control. Through capability ratios, we observed that except for pH the sewage treatment station is not capable to produce effluents under characteristics that fulfill specifications or standard launching required by environmental legislation.