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Seismic stations are usually used to record seismic event and, therefore, they are recommended to be installed far from railways and traffic roads in order to avoid the superposition of ambient noise signals to those provoked by an earthquake. In this paper, instead, seismic stations, placed intentionally in areas near railway and traffic roads, are used to characterize the subsoil spectral properties and to assess the effect of vibrations due to trains and vehicles. A cemetery in the green countryside near Florence is chosen as a reference case study to deal with this topic. Most of the buildings in the cemetery area are affected by an extensive crack pattern. In January 2020 five seismic stations were installed in order to evaluate if the trains running in the tunnels of the regional and high-speed railway lines located below and in the vicinity of the cemetery and the vehicles traveling on the nearby A1 highway and regional road can produce vibrations in the ground that justify the observed damage pattern. Collected data are analyzed using the Nakamura technique in order to estimate the dynamic properties of the ground and compared to the limits provided by the current regulations. Furthermore, the trend of the Root Mean Square average over the entire recording period is computed as well. From the obtained results, it is possible to highlight that the average daily oscillation level increases from early morning until 7 p.m. and then it decreases, and also that the highest amplitudes of transients are concentrated in the late evening and during the night, when the background noise is lower. Furthermore, the computed values of the maximum and average amplitudes are lower than those that can cause damage to buildings as defined by the guidelines, the eigenfrequency of the ground falls in a range far from that ascribable to the cemetery buildings, so that the resonance effects can be excluded. In order to confirm these results, the amplitude of ground shaking due to recorded transients is compared to that produced by two earthquakes (a 3.4 Mw local earthquake at more than 100 km and a Mw 6.6 teleseism from Turkey) which occurred during the monitoring period. One can conclude that it seems unlikely that the shaking produced by nearby vehicles and trains could be responsible for the observed damage.
Riccardo Maria Azzara; Stefano Galassi; Sara Garuglieri; Michele Paradiso; Marco Tanganelli. Analysis of vibrations recorded inside the cemetery area of Incisa, central Italy. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2021, 15, e00623 .
AMA StyleRiccardo Maria Azzara, Stefano Galassi, Sara Garuglieri, Michele Paradiso, Marco Tanganelli. Analysis of vibrations recorded inside the cemetery area of Incisa, central Italy. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2021; 15 ():e00623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Maria Azzara; Stefano Galassi; Sara Garuglieri; Michele Paradiso; Marco Tanganelli. 2021. "Analysis of vibrations recorded inside the cemetery area of Incisa, central Italy." Case Studies in Construction Materials 15, no. : e00623.
The research deals with a methodology for the seismic vulnerability assessment of a set of historic churches characterized by a specific building typology and focuses on the mid-scale analysis which stands in between territorial level assessment and studies of single buildings. In particular, the proposed methodology allows to coordinate, connect and interpret apparently distant information, provided by accredited analysis tools from different scale of investigation on the seismic behaviour of historical constructions. A set of basilica churches, settled in central Italy, and stricken by the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, has been analysed to uncover weaknesses related to the building typology by relating historical, environmental, geometrical, technological, and mechanical issues through a multi-discipline multi-scale innovative approach. All the churches belong to the Benedictine building culture and are built across a relatively limited territory; hence, they share the same architecture typology, while building technology can vary considerably due to the available environmental resources. Geometrical proportions and dimensions are investigated through appropriate morphological indexes, while masonry types through the Masonry Quality Index (MQI) method. First-level vulnerability indexes are determined on expeditious on site survey basis and most prone-to-activate kinematic mechanisms are hence deduced. Apse and façade constitute the macro-elements most prone to local mechanism activation. Also, the scale of the monument, associated to historical importance, quality of employed resources, and relevance of reworks, is central in determining homogeneity in the overall construction, quality of connections among the crucial macro-elements, and hence, their vulnerability. In the kinematic mechanism evaluation, the inclusion of frictional restraint forces simulating quality of connections between orthogonal walls proves effective in quantitatively translate observational data, although cautious calibration of the minimization procedure must be considered, especially for relatively small churches.
Eloisa Fazzi; Stefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri; Luisa Rovero. Seismic vulnerability assessment of the Benedictine Basilica typology in central Italy. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 43, 102897 .
AMA StyleEloisa Fazzi, Stefano Galassi, Giulia Misseri, Luisa Rovero. Seismic vulnerability assessment of the Benedictine Basilica typology in central Italy. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 43 ():102897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEloisa Fazzi; Stefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri; Luisa Rovero. 2021. "Seismic vulnerability assessment of the Benedictine Basilica typology in central Italy." Journal of Building Engineering 43, no. : 102897.
Rabindra Adhikari; Pilar Baquedano; Rewati Baruwal; Lalit Bhatt; Claudia Casapulla; Marcos M. Chávez; Nimesh Chettri; Carlos Cuadra; Andreea Duțu; Rafael Ramírez Eudave; Tiago Miguel Ferreira; Stefano Galassi; Natalia García; Dipendra Gautam; Sandra Graus; Polat Gülkan; Jeevan Gwachha; Yin Myo Min Htwe; Randolph Langenbach; Paulo B. Lourenço; Nuno Mendes; Fabiana N. Miranda; Teraphan Ornthammarath; Javier Ortega; Enrico Pagano; Rishi Ram Parajuli; Fernando Peña; Nakhorn Poovarodom; Hugo Rodrigues; Nicola Ruggieri; Rajesh Rupakhety; Ginevra Salerno; Manjip Shakya; Binay Charan Shrestha; Rui Silva; Giacomo Tempesta; Miha Tomaževič; Saw Htwe Zaw. Contributors. Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleRabindra Adhikari, Pilar Baquedano, Rewati Baruwal, Lalit Bhatt, Claudia Casapulla, Marcos M. Chávez, Nimesh Chettri, Carlos Cuadra, Andreea Duțu, Rafael Ramírez Eudave, Tiago Miguel Ferreira, Stefano Galassi, Natalia García, Dipendra Gautam, Sandra Graus, Polat Gülkan, Jeevan Gwachha, Yin Myo Min Htwe, Randolph Langenbach, Paulo B. Lourenço, Nuno Mendes, Fabiana N. Miranda, Teraphan Ornthammarath, Javier Ortega, Enrico Pagano, Rishi Ram Parajuli, Fernando Peña, Nakhorn Poovarodom, Hugo Rodrigues, Nicola Ruggieri, Rajesh Rupakhety, Ginevra Salerno, Manjip Shakya, Binay Charan Shrestha, Rui Silva, Giacomo Tempesta, Miha Tomaževič, Saw Htwe Zaw. Contributors. Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabindra Adhikari; Pilar Baquedano; Rewati Baruwal; Lalit Bhatt; Claudia Casapulla; Marcos M. Chávez; Nimesh Chettri; Carlos Cuadra; Andreea Duțu; Rafael Ramírez Eudave; Tiago Miguel Ferreira; Stefano Galassi; Natalia García; Dipendra Gautam; Sandra Graus; Polat Gülkan; Jeevan Gwachha; Yin Myo Min Htwe; Randolph Langenbach; Paulo B. Lourenço; Nuno Mendes; Fabiana N. Miranda; Teraphan Ornthammarath; Javier Ortega; Enrico Pagano; Rishi Ram Parajuli; Fernando Peña; Nakhorn Poovarodom; Hugo Rodrigues; Nicola Ruggieri; Rajesh Rupakhety; Ginevra Salerno; Manjip Shakya; Binay Charan Shrestha; Rui Silva; Giacomo Tempesta; Miha Tomaževič; Saw Htwe Zaw. 2021. "Contributors." Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions , no. : 1.
The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Stefano Galassi; Enrico Pagano; Nicola Ruggieri; Ginevra Salerno; Giacomo Tempesta. The Borbone's antiseismic system: Historical, constructive, and structural analysis. Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions 2021, 175 -211.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Enrico Pagano, Nicola Ruggieri, Ginevra Salerno, Giacomo Tempesta. The Borbone's antiseismic system: Historical, constructive, and structural analysis. Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions. 2021; ():175-211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Enrico Pagano; Nicola Ruggieri; Ginevra Salerno; Giacomo Tempesta. 2021. "The Borbone's antiseismic system: Historical, constructive, and structural analysis." Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions , no. : 175-211.
The paper presents the results of an investigation carried out about the construction technique, the mechanical behaviour and the seismic response of some selected masonry remains in the archaeological site of Pompeii. In particular, the portion of the ancient colonnade dating back to the 1st century BC and located to the east of the civil forum of Pompeii is studied. Since this colonnade is a classic example of a rigid-block structure, its seismic vulnerability level is assessed performing a rigid-block model through the computer program BrickWORK, a tool developed by the authors. In-plane and out-of-plane non-linear analyses are carried out, considering both the horizontal uniform and the linear lateral load pattern to simulate the actions of an earthquake. In each analyzed case, the vulnerability level is assessed by detecting the collapse mechanism and the spectral acceleration of activation. Collapse mechanisms are detected by the program and graphically shown through its visual user interface. Furthermore, the influence of the joint inclination on the mechanical response of the structure is investigated considering various inclination angles of the joints between the stones of the lintel.
Stefano Galassi; Maria Luisa Satta; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. In-plane and out-of-plane seismic vulnerability assessment of an ancient colonnade in the archaeological site of Pompeii (Italy). Procedia Structural Integrity 2020, 29, 126 -133.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Maria Luisa Satta, Nicola Ruggieri, Giacomo Tempesta. In-plane and out-of-plane seismic vulnerability assessment of an ancient colonnade in the archaeological site of Pompeii (Italy). Procedia Structural Integrity. 2020; 29 ():126-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Maria Luisa Satta; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. 2020. "In-plane and out-of-plane seismic vulnerability assessment of an ancient colonnade in the archaeological site of Pompeii (Italy)." Procedia Structural Integrity 29, no. : 126-133.
In this paper, an innovative composite, formed by a glass fiber net embedded in a gypsum-based matrix and aimed at strengthening masonry structures, is proposed. Experimental and analytical investigations on composite systems with gypsum- and cement-based matrixes, both coupled with a glass fiber net, are illustrated. Bond tests between brick and composite systems were carried out on different bond lengths. The gypsum-based composite (FRGM) showed higher peak loads and a more brittle behavior compared to the response of the standard FRCM system. In the framework of mode-II fracture mechanics, analytical modeling of the tested behavior was undertaken based on local cohesive laws derived from experimental evidence. Both short- and long-bond lengths were modeled, and the results well agree with the experimental behavior of the cement-based system.
Luisa Rovero; Stefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri. Experimental and analytical investigation of bond behavior in glass fiber-reinforced composites based on gypsum and cement matrices. Composites Part B: Engineering 2020, 194, 108051 .
AMA StyleLuisa Rovero, Stefano Galassi, Giulia Misseri. Experimental and analytical investigation of bond behavior in glass fiber-reinforced composites based on gypsum and cement matrices. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2020; 194 ():108051.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuisa Rovero; Stefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri. 2020. "Experimental and analytical investigation of bond behavior in glass fiber-reinforced composites based on gypsum and cement matrices." Composites Part B: Engineering 194, no. : 108051.
The paper addresses the results of experimental and analytical investigations on composite systems able to reduce structural vulnerability of arches. Two composites, consisting of a PBO (propylbenzodioxole) fibre textile or a carbon fibre textile coupled with a cement-based matrix, are considered. Experimental results on bond capacity between composites and bricks and on the structural behaviour of unreinforced and extrados-reinforced 1:2 scale masonry arches, tested under vertical load, are presented. The global load slip law deduced from double-shear tests is employed to predict the load displacement path followed by an arch reinforced at the extrados through the two composites. The analytical model, which exploits stationarity of potential energy of acting forces, is validated through the experimental results on the reinforced reduced scale arch. Results show how the initial response is tackled by the model. The procedure could be refined and extended to other curved elements (e.g. pointed and ogee arches, vaults and domes) and loading conditions. A further improvement may come from the use of test results on convex surfaces, it being known that the bonding behaviour is improved with respect to that on plane surfaces.
Giulia Misseri; Gianfranco Stipo; Stefano Galassi; Luisa Rovero. Bond Behavior of TRM Systems and Reinforcement of Masonry Arches: Testing and Modelling. Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations 2020, 558 -570.
AMA StyleGiulia Misseri, Gianfranco Stipo, Stefano Galassi, Luisa Rovero. Bond Behavior of TRM Systems and Reinforcement of Masonry Arches: Testing and Modelling. Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations. 2020; ():558-570.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Misseri; Gianfranco Stipo; Stefano Galassi; Luisa Rovero. 2020. "Bond Behavior of TRM Systems and Reinforcement of Masonry Arches: Testing and Modelling." Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations , no. : 558-570.
In this paper the topic of the vulnerability assessment of masonry arches on moving supports is analyzed. A novel numerical procedure for detecting the collapse mechanism and computing the limit support movement was developed by the authors and herein applied to the case of pointed arches, on which few studies are available in the literature. The proposed procedure is conceived as an algorithm that identifies the set of three hinges that could open in the arch due to an infinitesimal support movement, exploiting the laws of combinatorial analysis. Then, in order to identify the solution, the unique three hinge pattern by which the structure is balanced and congruent, a kinematic and an equilibrium test were carried out on the arch. The limit value of the support movement is successively computed by a step by step procedure that increases the support movement, draws the modified configuration of the arch and computes the line of thrust passing through the three hinges. When the line of thrust becomes tangent to the extrados or intrados of the arch in further joints, the collapse mechanism is detected together with the limit value of the support movement. This procedure represents a progress of the state of the art since it avoids the use of optimization techniques required in limit analysis, with a consequent reduction of the algorithm complexity. Furthermore, in-scale pointed arch models are performed by the authors and tested subject to a horizontal movement of the left impost. Numerical models of such arches are analyzed using the procedure above and results are compared to the experimental outcomes. Finally, to investigate the effects of the arch geometry, the numerical results of pointed arches are compared to the results of circular arches with same span, thickness and angle of embrace.
Stefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri; Luisa Rovero; Giacomo Tempesta. Analysis of Masonry Pointed Arches on Moving Supports: A Numeric Predictive Model and Experimental Evaluations. Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations 2020, 2048 -2068.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Giulia Misseri, Luisa Rovero, Giacomo Tempesta. Analysis of Masonry Pointed Arches on Moving Supports: A Numeric Predictive Model and Experimental Evaluations. Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations. 2020; ():2048-2068.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri; Luisa Rovero; Giacomo Tempesta. 2020. "Analysis of Masonry Pointed Arches on Moving Supports: A Numeric Predictive Model and Experimental Evaluations." Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations , no. : 2048-2068.
The European seismic code 8 (Eurocode 8) classifies buildings as plan-wise regular according to four criteria which are mostly qualitative and a fifth one which is based on parameters such as stiffness, eccentricity and torsional radius that can be only approximately defined for multi-story buildings. Therefore, such plan-regularity criteria need to be improved. ASCE seismic code, according to a different criterion, considers plan irregularity when the maximum story drift, at one end of the building structure, exceeds more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure under building static analysis. Nevertheless, both the ASCE approach and the threshold value of 1.2 need to be supported by adequate background studies, based also on nonlinear seismic analysis. In this paper a numerical analysis is carried out, by studying the seismic response of an existing r.c. school building. Static analysis is developed by progressively shifting the centre of mass, until the ratio between the maximum lateral displacement of the floor at the level considered and the average of the horizontal displacements at extreme positions of the floor at the same level matches and even exceeds the value of 1.2. Then, nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out to check the corresponding level of response irregularity in terms of uneven plan distribution of deformation and displacement demands and performance parameters. The above comparison leads to check the suitability of the ASCE approach and, in particular, of the threshold value of 1.2 for identifying buildings plan irregularity.
V. Alecci; M. De Stefano; Stefano Galassi; M. Lapi; Maurizio Orlando. An Assessment of American Criterion for Detecting Plan Irregularity. An Overview of the SIGMA Research Project 2020, 215 -231.
AMA StyleV. Alecci, M. De Stefano, Stefano Galassi, M. Lapi, Maurizio Orlando. An Assessment of American Criterion for Detecting Plan Irregularity. An Overview of the SIGMA Research Project. 2020; ():215-231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Alecci; M. De Stefano; Stefano Galassi; M. Lapi; Maurizio Orlando. 2020. "An Assessment of American Criterion for Detecting Plan Irregularity." An Overview of the SIGMA Research Project , no. : 215-231.
Nicola Ruggieri; Stefano Galassi; Giacomo Tempesta. The effect of pyroclastic flows of the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius on the Pompeii's city walls. The case study of the sector near the Tower XI. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2019, 43, 235 -241.
AMA StyleNicola Ruggieri, Stefano Galassi, Giacomo Tempesta. The effect of pyroclastic flows of the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius on the Pompeii's city walls. The case study of the sector near the Tower XI. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2019; 43 ():235-241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Ruggieri; Stefano Galassi; Giacomo Tempesta. 2019. "The effect of pyroclastic flows of the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius on the Pompeii's city walls. The case study of the sector near the Tower XI." Journal of Cultural Heritage 43, no. : 235-241.
Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) include a series of innovative strengthening systems suitable for conservation interventions since inorganic matrixes, instead of polymeric resins, are employed. Recent research supported the definition of guidelines on testing methods for TRM systems applied to masonry, but further investigation is needed to clear out the role played by the numerous factors affecting the strengthening capacity. In this study, an experimental campaign on basalt-fibre TRM systems was carried out. A series of tensile and single-shear bond tests are compared. Samples differ for fibre reinforcement ratio, textile layout and the number of textile layers, while the lime-based mortar matrix is the same for all specimens. For tensile tests, results show that, after a mortar-cracking phase, a third, substantially linear phase, during which the textile response is dominant, occurred for specimens failed both for textile tensile rupture and textile slippage. For shear bond tests, results showed that increasing the reinforcement ratio tightening textile mesh is not as beneficial as increasing textile layers, i.e. active bond surfaces.
Giulia Misseri; Gianfranco Stipo; Stefano Galassi; Luisa Rovero. Experimental Investigation on the Bond Behaviour of Basalt TRM Systems - Influence of Textile Configuration and Multi-Layer Application. Key Engineering Materials 2019, 817, 134 -140.
AMA StyleGiulia Misseri, Gianfranco Stipo, Stefano Galassi, Luisa Rovero. Experimental Investigation on the Bond Behaviour of Basalt TRM Systems - Influence of Textile Configuration and Multi-Layer Application. Key Engineering Materials. 2019; 817 ():134-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Misseri; Gianfranco Stipo; Stefano Galassi; Luisa Rovero. 2019. "Experimental Investigation on the Bond Behaviour of Basalt TRM Systems - Influence of Textile Configuration and Multi-Layer Application." Key Engineering Materials 817, no. : 134-140.
In most masonry arches stresses are very low and, therefore, collapse does not occur because of material failure. As a consequence, the safety of arches should not be assessed by means of a safety factor based on material strength as for conventional structures. In 1969 Heyman was the first to state that the safety of masonry arches relies on their geometry and proposed a method for computing the so-called “geometrical factor of safety” based on the comparison between the shape of the thrust line and the profile of the arch. In this context, we have recently developed a method capable of computing the line of thrust closest to the geometrical axis and defining a safety factor based on the comparison between such a line of thrust and the profile of the arch, which we have denoted as “performance factor”. In this paper, that supplements the author ref. (Tempesta and Galassi, 2019 [41]), the Matlab code of our method is provided for unlimited and unrestricted use by researchers as well as academics for educational purposes.
Stefano Galassi; Giacomo Tempesta. The Matlab code of the method based on the Full Range Factor for assessing the safety of masonry arches. MethodsX 2019, 6, 1521 -1542.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Giacomo Tempesta. The Matlab code of the method based on the Full Range Factor for assessing the safety of masonry arches. MethodsX. 2019; 6 ():1521-1542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Giacomo Tempesta. 2019. "The Matlab code of the method based on the Full Range Factor for assessing the safety of masonry arches." MethodsX 6, no. : 1521-1542.
The European seismic code 8 (Eurocode 8) classifies buildings as planwise regular according to four criteria which are mostly qualitative and a fifth one, which is based on parameters such as stiffness, eccentricity, and torsional radius, that can be only approximately defined for multistory buildings. Therefore, such plan-regularity criteria are in need of improvement. ASCE seismic code, according to a different criterion, considers plan (or “torsional”) irregularity in a building when the maximum story drift, at one end of the structure, exceeds more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure under equivalent static analysis. Nevertheless, both the ASCE approach and the threshold value of 1.2 need to be supported by adequate background studies, based also on nonlinear seismic analysis. In this paper, a numerical analysis is carried out, by studying the seismic response of an existing R/C school building taken as the reference structure. Linear static analysis is developed by progressively shifting the centre of mass, until the ratio between the maximum lateral displacement of the floor at the level is considered and the average of the horizontal displacements at extreme positions of the floor at the same level matches and even exceeds the value of 1.2. Then, nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out to check the corresponding level of response irregularity in terms of uneven plan distribution of deformation and displacement demands and performance parameters. The above comparison leads to check the suitability of the ASCE approach and, in particular, of the threshold value of 1.2 for identifying buildings plan irregularity.
V. Alecci; M. De Stefano; Stefano Galassi; Massimo Lapi; Maurizio Orlando. Evaluation of the American Approach for Detecting Plan Irregularity. Advances in Civil Engineering 2019, 2019, 1 -10.
AMA StyleV. Alecci, M. De Stefano, Stefano Galassi, Massimo Lapi, Maurizio Orlando. Evaluation of the American Approach for Detecting Plan Irregularity. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2019; 2019 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Alecci; M. De Stefano; Stefano Galassi; Massimo Lapi; Maurizio Orlando. 2019. "Evaluation of the American Approach for Detecting Plan Irregularity." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019, no. : 1-10.
In this paper a numerical procedure for computing the full range of equilibrium thrust lines in masonry arches is presented. According to Heyman, the range can be obtained by shifting the thrust line upwards and downwards until it touches the upper and lower boundary of the arch. This thrust line is computed in such a way as to be the closest one to the geometrical axis. The two limit thrust lines, corresponding to the upper and lower bound of the range, are finally used to compute the degree of safety of an arch through the identification of a domain of equilibrium states and the Heymanian geometrical factor of safety, revisited in the form of a performance factor, that is more practical and immediate to understand.
Giacomo Tempesta; Stefano Galassi. Safety evaluation of masonry arches. A numerical procedure based on the thrust line closest to the geometrical axis. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2019, 155, 206 -221.
AMA StyleGiacomo Tempesta, Stefano Galassi. Safety evaluation of masonry arches. A numerical procedure based on the thrust line closest to the geometrical axis. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2019; 155 ():206-221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiacomo Tempesta; Stefano Galassi. 2019. "Safety evaluation of masonry arches. A numerical procedure based on the thrust line closest to the geometrical axis." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 155, no. : 206-221.
Architectural ruins in archeological sites constitutes cultural heritage of a country. Every day there is the risk of archaeological artifacts being lost or of undergoing a slow and progressive deterioration, for at least three reasons: the presence of visitors who are often the cause of damage, the material vulnerabilities and the intrinsic vulnerabilities of ruined constructions. Leaving aside the first type, material vulnerability is primarily due to chemical and physical transformations undergone by the artifact which has been buried for a long time. After excavation, their prolonged exposure to weathering, frost-thaw alternate cycles, humidity variation, etc., reduce mechanical properties of materials such as stones and mortars. Furthermore, ruined constructions are lacking in most of the original structural portions which acted as constraints and therefore they are in the condition of unstable equilibrium and are very vulnerable under seismic actions. Indeed, (timber) floors are the first members which undergo decay or collapse. Therefore, archaeological artifacts generally appear as a discontinuous set of walls or columns and consequently easily vulnerable. Lastly, ruins retain “memory” of past events, visible in the cracking patterns and collapses provoked by seismic events which make them even more vulnerable. In this paper the analysis of main vulnerabilities of ruined constructions is performed. The analysis is carried out on meaningful case studies in the archeological site of Pompeii and Arpino (Italy), using a structural software suitably developed by the authors, and provides data to allow one to propose targeted methodologies for protection and conservation.
Stefano Galassi; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. Ruins and Archaeological Artifacts: Vulnerabilities Analysis for Their Conservation Through the Original Computer Program BrickWORK. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2019, 1839 -1848.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Nicola Ruggieri, Giacomo Tempesta. Ruins and Archaeological Artifacts: Vulnerabilities Analysis for Their Conservation Through the Original Computer Program BrickWORK. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2019; ():1839-1848.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. 2019. "Ruins and Archaeological Artifacts: Vulnerabilities Analysis for Their Conservation Through the Original Computer Program BrickWORK." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 1839-1848.
In recent years fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have been widely used for strengthening masonry structures. In particular, in the case of masonry arches, the use of FRP sheets increases load-bearing capacity by limiting or preventing the occurrence of tensile cracks that could activate collapse mechanisms. The effectiveness of the strengthening intervention depends on the bond between FRP and substrate, due to the shear and normal stresses that occur in the bond interface, so much so that the typical failure mode of an arch reinforced with narrow FRP sheets at the intrados is exactly delamination. In this paper a predictive numerical procedure of the combined mode I and mode II failure is proposed. Numerical results provided by this procedure are compared to the experimental results on in-scale arch models taken from a recent work of the author.
Stefano Galassi. Analysis of masonry arches reinforced with FRP sheets: experimental results and numerical evaluations. MATEC Web of Conferences 2018, 207, 01002 .
AMA StyleStefano Galassi. Analysis of masonry arches reinforced with FRP sheets: experimental results and numerical evaluations. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018; 207 ():01002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi. 2018. "Analysis of masonry arches reinforced with FRP sheets: experimental results and numerical evaluations." MATEC Web of Conferences 207, no. : 01002.
The Berber roof is a vernacular structure consisting of timber members, exploited for covering residential buildings or craft shops, characterized by a carpentry that was mostly developed in the Tangeri-Tétouan-Al Hoceima Region northern Morocco. The simplest structural scheme consists of sloping common rafters supported by a ridge beam and the peripheral walls in such a way as to form a double pitched roof. However, in the case of wider rooms, a variation to the scheme often occurs, aided by intermediate ‘supporting structures’, placed at a very limited spacing through the roof, built in such a way as to reduce the bending deflection of the ridge beam and the roof pitches. These supporting structures are composed of king post truss shaped timber members; nevertheless, both in the choice of the member cross sections and in the connection joints, they look absolutely like original constructions. The solutions adopted by the local master builders have been analysed and verified by using FEM models, that have highlighted criticalities and pointed out the reason why these structures are very deformed nowadays. Lastly, a reinforcing system compatible with the local resources and techniques, used to preserve the surveyed Berber structures, has been devised.
Stefano Galassi; Nicola Ruggieri; Letizia DiPasquale; Giacomo Tempesta. Assessment of the Moroccan vernacular timber roof: a proposal for an eco-friendly strengthening system. Journal of Architectural Conservation 2018, 24, 224 -248.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Nicola Ruggieri, Letizia DiPasquale, Giacomo Tempesta. Assessment of the Moroccan vernacular timber roof: a proposal for an eco-friendly strengthening system. Journal of Architectural Conservation. 2018; 24 (3):224-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Nicola Ruggieri; Letizia DiPasquale; Giacomo Tempesta. 2018. "Assessment of the Moroccan vernacular timber roof: a proposal for an eco-friendly strengthening system." Journal of Architectural Conservation 24, no. 3: 224-248.
This article presents the results of an investigation on the building system of the Andalusian timber roof, which is widespread in northern Morocco. The structural behavior of the Andalusian timber roof structures surveyed in the medina of Chefchaouen is analyzed in depth. The analysis, carried out using finite-element models, allowed for assessment of the structural behavior of the structure but also highlighted some weaknesses that are inherent to this building system. These weaknesses are primarily due to the presence of unilateral connection elements that ensure efficiency only under specific stress conditions and also to the lack of efficiency of the connection between load-bearing elements of the roof and the surrounding walls. The detected horizontal displacement of supports explains the cracking pattern that is usually visible at the top of walls just under the level of the gutter. A parametric analysis was performed, revealing that the weaknesses of the system do not present specific criticalities in the geographic context in which the system is developed. Nevertheless, some crucial strengthening interventions are proven to be necessary for esuring that all timber elements can suitably contribute to the overall equilibrium of the structure in the case of an earthquake.
Stefano Galassi; Letizia DiPasquale; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. Andalusian Timber Roof Structure in Chefchaouen, Northern Morocco: Construction Technique and Structural Behavior. Journal of Architectural Engineering 2018, 24, 04018012 .
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Letizia DiPasquale, Nicola Ruggieri, Giacomo Tempesta. Andalusian Timber Roof Structure in Chefchaouen, Northern Morocco: Construction Technique and Structural Behavior. Journal of Architectural Engineering. 2018; 24 (3):04018012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Letizia DiPasquale; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. 2018. "Andalusian Timber Roof Structure in Chefchaouen, Northern Morocco: Construction Technique and Structural Behavior." Journal of Architectural Engineering 24, no. 3: 04018012.
Ancient masonry constructions in archaeological sites are often ruins or remains of wider portions. Therefore, archaeological artifacts generally occur as a discontinuous set of walls or columns detached from the original context. The absence of most of the original structural portions makes them much more vulnerable. Indeed, even if their current existing condition is an indicator of their equilibrium condition under gravitational loads, this condition is not sufficient to guarantee their preservation in the case of an unexpected earthquake. Furthermore, the cracking patterns and collapses make them even more vulnerable. For these reasons, the vulnerability of ruins should be addressed as regard to the possible failure mechanisms that can be activated by seismic actions. Accordingly, in this article a novel and targeted numerical tool for seismic vulnerability assessment of remains in archaeological sites, that considers collapse mechanisms occurrence as the main cause of masonry constructions being lost, is presented. Results of the numerical procedure proposed are compared with the results obtained by the canonical formulation of virtual works. Finally, the seismic vulnerability level of selected masonry constructions in the archaeological sites of Pompeii and Arpino (Italy) has been assessed by the use of this procedure.
Stefano Galassi; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. A Novel Numerical Tool for Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Ruins in Archaeological Sites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2018, 14, 1 -22.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Nicola Ruggieri, Giacomo Tempesta. A Novel Numerical Tool for Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Ruins in Archaeological Sites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2018; 14 (1):1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Nicola Ruggieri; Giacomo Tempesta. 2018. "A Novel Numerical Tool for Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Ruins in Archaeological Sites." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 14, no. 1: 1-22.
This paper reports numerical and experimental investigations carried out to analyse vulnerability of masonry voussoir arches when subjected to soil settlement. A novel numerical procedure aimed at predicting collapse layout and limit settlement is here presented. To identify the location of the three hinges that open when the settlement triggers, a procedure based on combinatorial analysis is exploited together with both static and kinematic analysis. In the framework of finite displacements, the limit settlement of an arch is also found checking equilibrium at every step increase of the settlement. Good agreement is found between experiment results provided by reduced scale arch models, made of blocks of PVC and subjected to a horizontal or vertical settlement of the left support, and numerical predictions. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out in order to assess the trend of the limit settlement in relation with ring thickness and number of blocks. Results show that the limit settlement for spreading supports is independent from the number of blocks for a given angle of embrace.
Stefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri; Luisa Rovero; Giacomo Tempesta. Failure modes prediction of masonry voussoir arches on moving supports. Engineering Structures 2018, 173, 706 -717.
AMA StyleStefano Galassi, Giulia Misseri, Luisa Rovero, Giacomo Tempesta. Failure modes prediction of masonry voussoir arches on moving supports. Engineering Structures. 2018; 173 ():706-717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Galassi; Giulia Misseri; Luisa Rovero; Giacomo Tempesta. 2018. "Failure modes prediction of masonry voussoir arches on moving supports." Engineering Structures 173, no. : 706-717.