In recent years, the potential of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for the therapeutic effect of post-stroke spasticity has been explored. There are various NIBS methods depending on the stimulation modality, site and parameters. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of NIBS on spasticity in patients after stroke. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PUBMED (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) were searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before December 2021. Two independent researchers screened relevant articles and extracted data. This meta-analysis included 14 articles, and all included articles included 18 RCT datasets. The results showed that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (MD = −0.40, [95% CI]: −0.56 to −0.25, p < 0.01) had a significant effect on improving spasticity, in which low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) (MD = −0.51, [95% CI]: −0.78 to −0.24, p < 0.01) and stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere (MD = −0.58, [95% CI]: −0.80 to −0.36, p < 0.01) were beneficial on Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) in patients with post-stroke spasticity. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (MD = −0.65, [95% CI]: −1.07 to −0.22, p < 0.01) also had a significant impact on post-stroke rehabilitation, with anodal stimulation (MD = −0.74, [95% CI]: −1.35 to −0.13, p < 0.05) being more effective in improving spasticity in patients. This meta-analysis revealed moderate evidence that NIBS reduces spasticity after stroke and may promote recovery in stroke survivors. Future studies investigating the mechanisms of NIBS in addressing spasticity are warranted to further support the clinical application of NIBS in post-stroke spasticity.

Background: Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a prevalent condition associated with poor rehabilitation outcomes and high recurrence rates. Previous studies suggest that the number, structure, and network patterns of trunk muscle synergy may contribute to this condition. Our previous research mapped the neural representation of cLBP trunk muscles in the primary motor cortex (M1) and identified a disrupted M1-trunk muscle synergy pattern. Recent studies indicate that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has a key role in the internal connectivity of cLBP patients when coping with chronic pain. This study aims to determine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the DLPFC in cLBP patients can enhance the activity and functional connectivity of M1 and DLPFC, thus improving abnormal trunk muscle synergy.Methods: This study is a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Forty-eight individuals aged 20 to 55 years with cLBP will be randomly assigned to receive either (1) a 3-week DLPFC-tDCS intervention (n = 24) or (2) a 3-week M1-tDCS intervention (n = 24), administered four times per week for a total of 12 sessions. Clinical outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after randomization. Primary outcomes include pain intensity, disability, and scores on the Hamilton Depression and Hamilton Anxiety scales. Secondary outcomes include surface electromyography characteristics of trunk muscles, oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the M1 and DLPFC, and functional connectivity between these two brain regions. These outcomes will be evaluated before and after the intervention. Effect sizes and a mixed-model repeated measures analysis of variance (2 groups × 4 time points) will be calculated.Discussion: The results of this trial will clarify the efficacy of DLPFC-tDCS in enhancing M1-DLPFC functional connectivity and improving trunk muscle synergy patterns. These findings will provide a theoretical foundation for developing new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cLBP.Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2300078887.