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We study the long-run relationship between unemployment and the labour force participation rate while accounting for potential non-linearities. We explore two sources of non-linearities: structural breaks (as we allow the relationship to be time-varying) and differences by gender groups. We apply a novel approach, as we extend the cointegration analysis by combining it with structural break tests. The model is applied to Poland, which is a suitable case for study because it allows us to illustrate how this relationship operates in a developed country that was formerly centrally planned. The results qualify previous findings by providing mixed evidence for the invariance, the discouraged worker, and the added worker hypotheses. In particular, in the past, a positive and cyclical relationship – i.e., an added worker effect – could be observed, albeit with differences by gender and age group. For the current regime, we can provide evidence of a discouraged worker effect among Polish men only.
Emilio Congregado; Ewa Gałecka-Burdziak; Antonio A. Golpe; Robert Pater. Unemployment invariance hypothesis and structural breaks in Poland. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 2021, 24, e00198 .
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Ewa Gałecka-Burdziak, Antonio A. Golpe, Robert Pater. Unemployment invariance hypothesis and structural breaks in Poland. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries. 2021; 24 ():e00198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Ewa Gałecka-Burdziak; Antonio A. Golpe; Robert Pater. 2021. "Unemployment invariance hypothesis and structural breaks in Poland." The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 24, no. : e00198.
A growing body of empirical literature—both on the micro and macro scale—is devoted to exploring the existence of hysteresis—or at least persistence—in self-employment, i.e., whether policy, economic or external shocks have transitory or persistent effects on the probability of survival, and in turn, on the natural rate of self-employment. In aggregate time series studies, the usual method to address this issue has been to look for unit roots by using alternative tests or by using unobservable components models. In this research, we performed a battery of tests and competing approaches to check the robustness of our results with UK self-employment time series. The UK is a suitable case for study because the recent evolution of the UK self-employment rate figures shows a steady growth since the beginning of the millennium. This long-term rise in UK self-employment has attracted the attention of scholars, at least, before the Great Lockdown. We find evidence of hysteresis, while business cycle output variations significantly affect self-employment rates. The article discusses the implications of the findings.
Elisabeth Lopez-Perez; Ana Rodriguez-Santiago; Emilio Congregado. Persistence in Self-Employment Rates before the Great Lockdown: The Case of the UK. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6429 .
AMA StyleElisabeth Lopez-Perez, Ana Rodriguez-Santiago, Emilio Congregado. Persistence in Self-Employment Rates before the Great Lockdown: The Case of the UK. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabeth Lopez-Perez; Ana Rodriguez-Santiago; Emilio Congregado. 2020. "Persistence in Self-Employment Rates before the Great Lockdown: The Case of the UK." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6429.
We examine whether discouraged and added worker effects are state-dependent, business cycle phase-dependent, or change stochastically. We use quarterly LFS data for the 1995–2016 period for Poland. Labor force participation rate behaves non-linearly. The change is rapid and connected to the stable value of the cyclical unemployment rate. An unemployment rate higher than 13% implies a discouraged worker effect. Policy actions should aim to prolong the labor market activity (added worker effect) of females and older workers. Workers may be encouraged to reenter the labor market if their probability of finding a job is improved through active economic policy measures.
Emilio Congregado; Ewa Gałecka-Burdziak; Antonio Golpe; Robert Pater. Asymmetry and Non-linearity in Discouraged and Added Worker Effects. Eastern European Economics 2020, 58, 221 -241.
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Ewa Gałecka-Burdziak, Antonio Golpe, Robert Pater. Asymmetry and Non-linearity in Discouraged and Added Worker Effects. Eastern European Economics. 2020; 58 (3):221-241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Ewa Gałecka-Burdziak; Antonio Golpe; Robert Pater. 2020. "Asymmetry and Non-linearity in Discouraged and Added Worker Effects." Eastern European Economics 58, no. 3: 221-241.
Although trademarks are the most widely used form of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) by firms across all economic sectors worldwide, this indicator is a much less exploited information resource in empirical analysis compared with patents. Our work addresses this gap by investigating the relationship between trademark registration and entrepreneurial activity using data for 33 European countries. Our empirical results show a positive and significant relationship between the share of the self-employed workforce in a given country that can be considered ‘entrepreneurial’ – which we associate with the share of Kirznerian entrepreneurs – and trademark registration at the country level. These results have important implications for scholars, practitioners and policymakers, which are discussed in this work.
Serhiy Lyalkov; Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Ana Millán; José María Millán. Trademarks and their association with Kirznerian entrepreneurs. Industry and Innovation 2019, 27, 155 -183.
AMA StyleSerhiy Lyalkov, Mónica Carmona, Emilio Congregado, Ana Millán, José María Millán. Trademarks and their association with Kirznerian entrepreneurs. Industry and Innovation. 2019; 27 (1-2):155-183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSerhiy Lyalkov; Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Ana Millán; José María Millán. 2019. "Trademarks and their association with Kirznerian entrepreneurs." Industry and Innovation 27, no. 1-2: 155-183.
This paper provides estimates of the elasticity of substitution between operational and managerial jobs in the US economy during the years 1969–2014, derived from an aggregate CES production function. Estimating the long-term relationship between (the log of) the aggregate employment/self-employment ratio and (the log of) the returns from paid-employment relative to self-employment and testing for structural breaks, we report different estimates of the elasticity of substitution in each of the two regimes identified. To this end we apply the methodology on instability tests proposed in Kejriwal and Perron (2008, 2010) as well as the cointegration tests developed in Arai and Kurozumi (2007) and Kejriwal (2008). Our results help to understand and interpret one of the most intriguing aspects in the evolution of self-employment rates in developed countries: the reversal of the trend in self-employment rates. Our estimates show that a higher level of development is associated with a greater number of entrepreneurs and smaller firms. Some rationales for understanding the growth of the elasticity between paid-employment and self-employment, including the recent trends in the digital economy, are also suggested.
Emilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe; Vicente Esteve. On the Substitutability between Paid-employment and Self-employment: Evidence from the Period 1969–2014 in the United States. Sustainability 2019, 11, 507 .
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Antonio A. Golpe, Vicente Esteve. On the Substitutability between Paid-employment and Self-employment: Evidence from the Period 1969–2014 in the United States. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (2):507.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe; Vicente Esteve. 2019. "On the Substitutability between Paid-employment and Self-employment: Evidence from the Period 1969–2014 in the United States." Sustainability 11, no. 2: 507.
Inactive individuals represent a large pool of potential labour force whose activation entails economic and social advantages. However, they are a heterogeneous group of people who face different barriers to enter paid employment. Self-employment may be an attractive alternative for them, because its nonpecuniary aspects might adapt better to their necessities. Using data from the European Community Household Panel, we applied propensity score matching techniques to estimate the causal effects of transitions to self-employment on the job satisfaction –with pecuniary and nonpecuniary aspects– of previously inactive people. We further perform separate analyses for students, homemakers, and retirees to account for heterogeneity. Our results show that, although self-employment generally brings higher satisfaction than remaining inactive, the effects of self- employment on job satisfaction compared to paid employment varies across subgroups. This suggests that their motivations to become self-employed are different. The implications of these results for activation and entrepreneurship policies are discussed.
Raquel Justo; Emilio Congregado; Concepción Román. Becoming self-employed from inactivity: An in-depth analysis of job satisfaction. Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleRaquel Justo, Emilio Congregado, Concepción Román. Becoming self-employed from inactivity: An in-depth analysis of job satisfaction. Academy of Management Proceedings. 2018; 2018 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Justo; Emilio Congregado; Concepción Román. 2018. "Becoming self-employed from inactivity: An in-depth analysis of job satisfaction." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1: 1.
Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Julia Feria; Jesús Iglesias. The energy-growth nexus reconsidered: Persistence and causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017, 71, 342 -347.
AMA StyleMónica Carmona, Emilio Congregado, Julia Feria, Jesús Iglesias. The energy-growth nexus reconsidered: Persistence and causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017; 71 ():342-347.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Julia Feria; Jesús Iglesias. 2017. "The energy-growth nexus reconsidered: Persistence and causality." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 71, no. : 342-347.
The aim of this work is to identify whether the bidirectional relationship between entrepreneurship cycles and output gaps is asymmetric depending on the phase of the business cycle. To this end, we employ a panel threshold regression model in which different relations can prevail in each regime, defined by the values of the threshold variable. The findings of this article qualify previous empirical results. In particular, our estimates provide support for the existence of different responses – both in terms of sign and magnitude – of cyclical self-employment to output growth and of output growth to cyclical self-employment, depending on the value of the threshold variable. The result is highly important for policy makers and practitioners given that whether they ignore the asymmetric impact that an entrepreneurship promotion policy action might have on the real economy, the action might lead to unexpected effects.
Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe; Jesus Iglesias. SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS CYCLES: SEARCHING FOR ASYMMETRIES IN A PANEL OF 23 OECD COUNTRIES. Journal of Business Economics and Management 2016, 17, 1155 -1171.
AMA StyleMónica Carmona, Emilio Congregado, Antonio A. Golpe, Jesus Iglesias. SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS CYCLES: SEARCHING FOR ASYMMETRIES IN A PANEL OF 23 OECD COUNTRIES. Journal of Business Economics and Management. 2016; 17 (6):1155-1171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe; Jesus Iglesias. 2016. "SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS CYCLES: SEARCHING FOR ASYMMETRIES IN A PANEL OF 23 OECD COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 17, no. 6: 1155-1171.
Highlights•This paper tests for convergence among twelve tourist source markets of Spain.•While full convergence is rejected, three different convergence clubs are identified.•Our findings may help policy makers to develop strategies based on differentiation. AbstractIn this paper we test the hypothesis of convergence in a set of twelve of the main tourism source markets of Spain over a time period that ranges from January 2000 to September 2015. We analyse the potential convergence by following an econometric strategy consisting of three different methodologies. Firstly, we test for the presence of full convergence in the dataset by means of the panel stationary test developed by Hadri (2000). Next, we conduct a robustness check for the full convergence hypothesis by considering the potential existence of structural breaks in the dataset through the test proposed by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2005). Finally, the hypothesis of club convergence (Philips and Sul, 2007) is also tested. The results point to absence of full convergence even when controlling for structural breaks while three different clubs of convergence are found. We discuss potential policy implications that can be extracted from these results.
Adrián L. Mérida; Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe. Exploring the regional distribution of tourism and the extent to which there is convergence. Tourism Management 2016, 57, 225 -233.
AMA StyleAdrián L. Mérida, Mónica Carmona, Emilio Congregado, Antonio A. Golpe. Exploring the regional distribution of tourism and the extent to which there is convergence. Tourism Management. 2016; 57 ():225-233.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdrián L. Mérida; Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe. 2016. "Exploring the regional distribution of tourism and the extent to which there is convergence." Tourism Management 57, no. : 225-233.
This study aims to improve our understanding of overqualification by incorporating distinctions in employment status (i.e. self-employed workers, private employees and public employees) in the analysis of the incidence, effects, dynamics and routes out of overqualification. To this end, we apply discrete choice – ordered and nonordered – and count models to the data obtained from the European Community Household Panel for the EU-15. Our results indicate that the incidence of overqualification varies by employment status, where self-employed workers report the lowest occurrence. Furthermore, this analysis suggests that overqualification is a permanent phenomenon and demonstrates that successful pathways out of overqualification differ by employment status. The implications of these results for education and labour market policies are also discussed.
Emilio Congregado; Jesús Iglesias; José María Millán; Concepción Román. Incidence, effects, dynamics and routes out of overqualification in Europe: a comprehensive analysis distinguishing by employment status. Applied Economics 2015, 48, 411 -445.
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Jesús Iglesias, José María Millán, Concepción Román. Incidence, effects, dynamics and routes out of overqualification in Europe: a comprehensive analysis distinguishing by employment status. Applied Economics. 2015; 48 (5):411-445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Jesús Iglesias; José María Millán; Concepción Román. 2015. "Incidence, effects, dynamics and routes out of overqualification in Europe: a comprehensive analysis distinguishing by employment status." Applied Economics 48, no. 5: 411-445.
Many regional development policy initiatives assume that entrepreneurial activities promote economic growth. Empirical research has presented rationale for this argument showing that small firms create proportionally more new jobs than large firms. However, little research has been performed on the issue of net job generation at the urban level, particularly when self-employment is considered as an indicator of entrepreneurial activities. This paper investigates to what extent US metropolitan areas in the 1969–2009 period characterized by relatively high rates of self-employment also have shown relatively high rates of subsequent total employment growth. The analysis corrects for the influence of sectoral composition, wage level, educational attainment, presence of research universities and size of the metropolitan area to measure the extent to which the number and quality of self-employed in a region contribute to total employment growth. It finds the relationship between self-employment rates and subsequent total employment growth to be positive on average during the 40-year period but to weaken over time.
Martin Carree; Emilio Congregado; Antonio Golpe; André Van Stel. Self-employment and job generation in metropolitan areas, 1969–2009. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 2015, 27, 181 -201.
AMA StyleMartin Carree, Emilio Congregado, Antonio Golpe, André Van Stel. Self-employment and job generation in metropolitan areas, 1969–2009. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 2015; 27 (3-4):181-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin Carree; Emilio Congregado; Antonio Golpe; André Van Stel. 2015. "Self-employment and job generation in metropolitan areas, 1969–2009." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 27, no. 3-4: 181-201.
Emilio Congregado; José María Millán; Concepción Román. The emergence of new entrepreneurs in Europe. International Economics 2014, 138, 28 -48.
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, José María Millán, Concepción Román. The emergence of new entrepreneurs in Europe. International Economics. 2014; 138 ():28-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; José María Millán; Concepción Román. 2014. "The emergence of new entrepreneurs in Europe." International Economics 138, no. : 28-48.
Some three to four decades ago, it was generally accepted in economic literature that the average size of firms would continue to increase with progressive economic development. This would be the result of an ever increasing importance of exploitation of scale economies. However, since that time, small-scale self-employment rates have increased in many industrialized countries. This raises the question to what extent scale economies are still important in modern economies. Using data for 23 OECD countries over the period 1972–2008, we test the importance of scale economies in determining average firm size as proxied by the employment to self-employment ratio. We control for several other determinants of firm size, including the rate of urbanization. We also allow the relation to differ across levels of economic development. Our results suggest that notwithstanding the rise of small-scale self-employment observed in many countries over the last few decades, economies of scale and scope continue to play an important role in advanced economies.
Emilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe; André Van Stel. The role of scale economies in determining firm size in modern economies. The Annals of Regional Science 2014, 52, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Antonio A. Golpe, André Van Stel. The role of scale economies in determining firm size in modern economies. The Annals of Regional Science. 2014; 52 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Antonio A. Golpe; André Van Stel. 2014. "The role of scale economies in determining firm size in modern economies." The Annals of Regional Science 52, no. 2: 1.
Emilio Congregado; Jesús Iglesias; Joss Marra Millln; Concepción Román; José María Millán. Effects, Dynamics and Routes Out of Overqualification in Europe: A Comprehensive Analysis Distinguishing by Employment Status. SSRN Electronic Journal 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Jesús Iglesias, Joss Marra Millln, Concepción Román, José María Millán. Effects, Dynamics and Routes Out of Overqualification in Europe: A Comprehensive Analysis Distinguishing by Employment Status. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Jesús Iglesias; Joss Marra Millln; Concepción Román; José María Millán. 2014. "Effects, Dynamics and Routes Out of Overqualification in Europe: A Comprehensive Analysis Distinguishing by Employment Status." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.
José María Millán; Emilio Congregado; Concepción Román. Persistence in entrepreneurship and its implications for the European entrepreneurial promotion policy. Journal of Policy Modeling 2014, 36, 83 -106.
AMA StyleJosé María Millán, Emilio Congregado, Concepción Román. Persistence in entrepreneurship and its implications for the European entrepreneurial promotion policy. Journal of Policy Modeling. 2014; 36 (1):83-106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé María Millán; Emilio Congregado; Concepción Román. 2014. "Persistence in entrepreneurship and its implications for the European entrepreneurial promotion policy." Journal of Policy Modeling 36, no. 1: 83-106.
Concepción Román; Emilio Congregado; José María Millán. Start-up incentives: Entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme? Journal of Business Venturing 2013, 28, 151 -175.
AMA StyleConcepción Román, Emilio Congregado, José María Millán. Start-up incentives: Entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme? Journal of Business Venturing. 2013; 28 (1):151-175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConcepción Román; Emilio Congregado; José María Millán. 2013. "Start-up incentives: Entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme?" Journal of Business Venturing 28, no. 1: 151-175.
This paper provides estimates of the elasticity of substitution between operational and managerial jobs in the US economy during the years 1969-2011, derived from an aggregate CES production function. Estimating the long-term relationship between (the log of) the aggregate employment/self-employment ratio and (the log of) the returns from paid-employment relative to self-employment and testing for structural breaks, we report different estimates of the elasticity of substitution in each of the three regimes identified. Our results help to understand and interpret one of the most intriguing aspects in the evolution of self-employment rates in developed countries: the reversal of the trend in self-employment rates. Our estimates show that a higher level of development is associated with a greater number of entrepreneurs and smaller firms. Some rationales for understanding the growth of the elasticity between paidemployment and self-employment are also suggested.
Emilio Congregado; Vicente Esteve; Antonio A. Golpe. From complements to substitutes: Structural breaks in the elasticity of substitution between paid-employment and self-employment in the US. 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Vicente Esteve, Antonio A. Golpe. From complements to substitutes: Structural breaks in the elasticity of substitution between paid-employment and self-employment in the US. . 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Vicente Esteve; Antonio A. Golpe. 2013. "From complements to substitutes: Structural breaks in the elasticity of substitution between paid-employment and self-employment in the US." , no. : 1.
Antonio Golpe; Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado. Persistence in natural gas consumption in the US: An unobserved component model. Energy Policy 2012, 46, 594 -600.
AMA StyleAntonio Golpe, Mónica Carmona, Emilio Congregado. Persistence in natural gas consumption in the US: An unobserved component model. Energy Policy. 2012; 46 ():594-600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Golpe; Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado. 2012. "Persistence in natural gas consumption in the US: An unobserved component model." Energy Policy 46, no. : 594-600.
Emilio Congregado; Antonio Golpe; Mónica Carmona. Looking for hysteresis in coal consumption in the US. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012, 16, 3339 -3343.
AMA StyleEmilio Congregado, Antonio Golpe, Mónica Carmona. Looking for hysteresis in coal consumption in the US. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012; 16 (5):3339-3343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Congregado; Antonio Golpe; Mónica Carmona. 2012. "Looking for hysteresis in coal consumption in the US." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 5: 3339-3343.
The relationship between self-employment and certain macroeconomic variables is often at the heart of the debate about the contributions of self-employment to employment and economic growth; examining this relationship is the aim of this article. This article is devoted to the empirical exploration of the comovement and causality between entrepreneurship and economic performance in both directions. This study searches for basic relationships between self-employment and certain macroeconomic variables in Spain using quarterly data from 1980:1 to 2009:4. From this analysis, four key findings emerge: (a) the relation between self-employment and the business cycle differs across two components of self-employment, that is, employers and own-account workers; (b) the existence of a strong bidirectional causality between self-employment and unemployment and GDP; (c) business cycles contain information valuable for predicting today’s employers; and (d) entrepreneurship promotion policies oriented to encourage the emergence of new job creators may be a cornerstone of a new strategy to combat unemployment. These results should be kept in mind when designing entrepreneurship policies.
Mónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Antonio Golpe. Comovement Between Self-Employment and Macroeconomic Variables. SAGE Open 2012, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleMónica Carmona, Emilio Congregado, Antonio Golpe. Comovement Between Self-Employment and Macroeconomic Variables. SAGE Open. 2012; 2 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMónica Carmona; Emilio Congregado; Antonio Golpe. 2012. "Comovement Between Self-Employment and Macroeconomic Variables." SAGE Open 2, no. 2: 1.