Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the primary surgical intervention in kidney stone management. Even though it is performed quite often, the complication rates are also high. Arteriovenous fistulas following extended hemorrhages after PCNL are one of the most serious complications of this operation. Our main objective was to review the data of patients who required angiography and embolization.Methods: In total, we included 1405 patients who underwent PCNL between 2007 and 2014. All patient data were retrospectively reviewed. All patients went under PCNL using fluoroscopy. Following informed consent, all hemorrhagic patients underwent angiography in the interventional radiology department and embolization was performed in patients with a hemorrhage focus point.Results: A total of 147 patients (10.4%) required transfusion for post- PCNL hemorrhages. Of them, 14 (0.99%) underwent angiography and embolization (9 [64.2%] were male and 5 [35.8%] were female, with a mean age of 39.4 ± 10.2). The remaining 133 patients were conservatively managed (81 [60.9%] males and 52 [39.1%] females, with a mean age of 42.3 ± 12.4). When the predicting factors for angiography and embolization were reviewed, renal abnormalities and the mean size of stones were significant in both univariate and multivariate analysis (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Patients with extended and intermittent hematuria should be monitored closely for hemodynamics; if there is an ongoing necessity for transfusion, angiography should be considered.

Objective: This study was conducted to research the factors determining biochemical recurrence (BCR) in low-risk localized prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). Material and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 504 patients who had undergone RP between 2003 and 2013 at our clinic. One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent RP for low-risk prostate cancer were included in the study. Results: The mean follow-up period for patients was 58.7 (21–229) months. The mean age of the patients was 63.7±7.2 years (49–79). The mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) value was 5.25±4.22 ng/mL (3.58–9.45). The BCR rate after the operation was 25% (38/152). In the univariate analysis, recurrence determining factors were shown to include extracapsular involvement (ECI) (p=0.004), capsular invasion (CI) (p=0.001), age (p=0.014), and tumor size (p=0.006). However, only CI was found to be significant in multivariate analysis (p=0.001). Conclusion: Capsular invasion is an independent risk factor in low-risk prostate cancer patients who underwent RP for BCR.

Introduction: Many patients present to urology and emergency departments for acute renal colic complaints. There are many different imaging studies that can be used in patients with a pre-diagnosis of acute renal colic. In this study, we would like to assess the efficacy of using clinical and laboratory results in patients with flank pain complaint as a predictive factor of urinary system stone disease. Materials and methods: All patients were assessed using spinal non-contrast complete abdominal computerized tomography and urine analysis. Presence of stones and their number and size were recorded. Results: 516 patients who were included in the study were divided into 2 groups according to urinary stone presence. Group 1 (n = 388) consisted of patients with stones meanwhile patients in Group 2 (n = 128) were stone-free. According to these results, male sex, presence of microscopic hematuria, stone history in the family, nausea and emesis in addition to pain and accompanying urinary symptoms were detected as predictive factors in diagnosing urinary stone disease by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: From our study results, we can conclude that uroflowmetry is a very useful tool in monitoring lower urinary system complaints.

Indroduction: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is the most commonly diagnosed benign adenoma which causes serious clinical symptoms by bladder outlet obstruction. BPH patients suffer from negative changes in their quality of life and restriction of their daily activities due to the disease symptoms. Our main objective in this study is to evaluate the relationship between BPH and LUTS as described by International Prostate Symptoms Score and objective non-invasive parameters related to BPH. Materials and methods: 238 Patients over 40 years with clinical BPH, LUTS and/or prostate volumes greater than 25 ml who presented to urology department were included in the study. All patients included in the study were subjected to a standardized diagnostic panel which included patient history, physical examination, biochemistry panels and urinalysis. Results: Results showed an increase in symptom scores with age. As symptom scores go from mild to severe; Qmax values showed a decrease meanwhile prostate volume, PSA and postvoid residue increased. Again, in terms of erectile dysfunction, erectile dysfunction complaints increased with increased IIEF symptom scores. When all these results were evaluated, a positive correlation was seen between uroflowmetry parameters with patient symptoms, PSA and IIEF scores. Conclusion: From our study results, we can conclude that uroflowmetry is a very useful tool in monitoring lower urinary system complaints.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the first-line treatment for kidney stones. Colon perforation is a rare, but dangerous, complication. Colonic perforation might be very serious if it is not found early. After an unsuccessful extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a 45-year-old female underwent a left-sided PCNL for two 1-cm kidney stones in the left kidney upper pole calyx. During dilatation, a colon perforation was suspected. The procedure was finished by inserting a 14Fr re-entry catheter into the colon. On postoperative day 5, a fluoroscopy was performed by injecting contrast dye through the re-entry catheter, which showed a fistula formation between skin and colon. The catheter was removed completely. A 16Fr external drainage catheter was inserted over the guidewire through the fistula tract. The fistula was closed by introducing prepared absorbable hemostatic gelatin powder (Spongostan) particles into the fistula tract through the catheter. Fistula tracks can be closed early by injecting absorbable Spongostan particles into the colonic fistula tract, thereby reducing inpatient time and increasing patient comfort.