This study presents an experimental analysis of high-pressure liquid and gas gate valve leakage under multiple operating conditions, based on the variation patterns of ultrasonic signals. Focusing on a multi-physics field analysis of gate valve internal leakage and corresponding experiments, this research illustrates the acoustic wave characteristics of gate valves across diverse working media, pressures, internal leakage defect sizes, and valve diameters. By drawing upon both fluid mechanics and acoustics theory, an analytical approach suited to high-pressure gate valve leakage issues is devised. Separate high-pressure gate valve leakage test platforms for liquid and gas environments were designed and constructed, enabling 126 groups of tests under varying conditions, which include one measurement per condition of the valve size, defect size, and pressure value. These experiments examine the quantitative correlation of internal leakage flow rates and ultrasonic signal measurements under different situations. In addition, the distinct behaviors and principles exhibited by high-pressure liquid gate valves and gas gate valves are compared. The findings provide theoretical and technical support for quantifying high-pressure gate valve leakage. The study analyzes the theoretical basis for the generation of ultrasonic signals from valve internal leakage, providing specific experimental data under various operating conditions. It explains the various observations during the experiments and their principles. The conclusions of this research have practical engineering value and provide important references for future studies.

Accurate long-term settlement monitoring of large storage tanks is frequently degraded by environmental disturbances, including temperature, gravity variations, pipeline pressure fluctuations, and sensor noise. To address these limitations, a multi-source error cooperative compensation framework based on a hydrostatic leveling system was developed. An Arrhenius-type temperature-density model was first established to enable real-time correction of the working fluid density, while a gravity correction model incorporating latitude and elevation was introduced using the WGS-84 reference system to compensate for spatial variations in gravitational acceleration. Then a differential relative-settlement algorithm was designed to eliminate pressure transmission errors along the connecting pipeline. Subsequently, the compensated settlement signals were fused using a Kalman filter, allowing random noise and abrupt outliers to be simultaneously attenuated. Using the proposed hybrid processing strategy, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the settlement time series was reduced by approximately 42% compared with conventional hydrostatic leveling approaches, while overall monitoring accuracy was improved by more than threefold. The results confirmed that the proposed fusion methodology can effectively isolate environmental interference and significantly improve the precision and stability of long-term settlement measurements. This study provides a reliable and high-quality data acquisition framework for the structural health monitoring and safe operation of large storage tanks, particularly under demanding field conditions requiring sustained, high-resolution deformation surveillance.