Even today, the generation of chemicals and energy is still reliant on fossil-based resources in industrialized countries. Biomass could be a valuable renewable energy source that could reduce dependence on fossil fuels as well as provide a significant reduction of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. In this scenario, residue from natural oil extraction units is uplifted to produce biofuels as replacement of fossil fuels. In the process of bio-refinery, well established technologies were presented. Those are thermochemical treatment (pyrolysis, liquefaction, gasification, etc.), anaerobic digestion, catalysis, etc. Especially, importance is given to pyrolysis as it is the feasible technique to utilize residue and to produce wealthy products. The role of intrinsic bio-polymers in quantity of final pyrolytic products was discussed. Major process parameters were critically elucidated, however, the investigation of advanced pyrolysis technologies requires further research.

Plastic mulches are widely used for cultivation of vegetables. An experiment was conducted to observe the impact of plastic colour mulches on soil temperature, water use efficiency (WUE) and produce of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under drip irrigation from 2015-2016. The treatments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. The plastic coloured mulches used were white on black, silver on black and black. 60, 80, 100 and 120% evapotranspiration (ET) used as irrigation levels and a non-mulched treatment as control. Due to the interaction effects, treatment white colour on black plastic mulch with 80% ET i.e., I₂M₁ recorded the maximum yield (93.54 t ha^-1) followed by silver colour on black plastic mulch with 80% ET (I₂M₂) produced 87.65 t ha^-1. Plastic colour mulching improved production compared to bare soil. as the plants grown in white colour on black plastic colour mulch resulted 40 to 54% increase in yield compared to control treatment.