Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of crystalline microporous functional fillers, have garnered significant attention in materials science owing to their tunable pore architecture and abundant coordinatively unsaturated sites. However, MOF materials encounter substantial challenges in practical applications, including poor spatial dispersion, severe agglomeration, and insufficient interfacial compatibility with polymer matrix, which substantially impede their incorporation into polymer composite materials. Building upon the foundational research of our group in MOF surface modification and nanocomposite engineering, this work systematically investigates the hierarchical integration strategies of MOFs with dimensionally controlled nanomaterials (encompassing 0D nanoparticles, 1D nanofibers/nanotubes, 2D nanosheets, and 3D interconnected networks). Through precise modulation of interfacial chemistry and architectural design, we have successfully addressed the dispersion limitations of MOFs and significantly enhanced the synergistic effects within the composite matrix. Experimental results demonstrate that this novel integration approach effectively mitigates nanofiller aggregation and substantially enhances the flame retardancy, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity of the resultant composites. A detailed examination has been conducted exploring how MOF-based nanocomposites integrate within the polymer matrix, encompassing fabrication approaches, physical and chemical properties, and prospective uses. Our investigation addresses existing obstacles while evaluating future directions within this expanding research domain. By offering both fundamental scientific understanding and concrete recommendations, this work aims to facilitate advances in developing advanced functional materials incorporating MOF-based nanomaterials. The findings presented serve as a foundation for researchers working toward innovative composite systems with enhanced capabilities and performance metrics. Graphical abstract