In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) - Internet of Things (IoT) the coverage of underground becomes an essential challenge and issue in today’s era due to the unpredicted natural disaster occurred in the various places of coal mines. The IoT based WSN system help to pre-alert regarding any disaster occurrence that results in save of very vital human resources. The most important factor of the network is coverage and connectivity consideration for the coal mine system with energy-efficient utilization of wireless sensor nodes and some relay nodes to maximize the network WSN. The most of authors are focused on the density deployment pattern of sensor nodes in underground wireless WSN, but fewer researchers are contributing towards relay deployment pattern to maximize the lifetime of the network but there is a scope to enhance relay node deployment pattern for the sensor network. In this paper a framework design for relay nodes deployment patterns with the load balancing among them to order to maximize the lifetime of the network.

In cloud environment, enhancing QoS is a challenging task to solve the multi objective problems. Effective load balancing and scheduling is a solution to enhance QoS. Job scheduling is a NP complete problem and is difficult to get the best scheduling especially for large number of jobs to enhance QoS. Multiple activities may need to be scheduled efficiently on various resources (CPU, virtual machines) by reducing completion time and maximizing resource utilization. A meta-heuristic method has been proposed for optimizing multi-objective scheduling problems in cloud systems using harmony search algorithm. According to cloud user's expectations, throughput should be high such that most of the user tasks are completed before the deadline expires thereby resulting in a low task rejection rate. Major purpose of the HS-based, NEW HS scheduling algorithm is to arrange upcoming cloud applications at virtual machines in such a way that tasks are completed in least amount of time (execution and makespan time) with low execution cost and take deadline of cloud application as a QoS constraint.

Despite much research activity over the last several decades on wireless communications in general, and ad hoc wireless networks in particular, there remain many significant technical challenges in the design of these networks. As it is not possible to give a significant amount of power to the mobile devices of ad-hoc networks so that it could work for long time, so mobile devices with rechargeable batteries must conserve energy to maximize time between recharging. This article surveys and classifies the energy aware routing protocols proposed for MANETs as well as various matrices responsible for energy (power) optimization by going through different layers of a internet protocol to provide a comprehensive understanding of these routing protocols and better organize existing ideas and work to facilitate energy efficient routing design for MANETs, we present the taxonomy of the energy efficient routing protocols, their properties and design features. This paper aims to aid those MANETs researchers and application developers in selecting appropriate energy efficient routing protocols for their work.