Background: The differential diagnosis between gallbladder cancer (GBC) and xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) remains quite challenging, and can possibly lead to improper surgery. This study aimed to distinguish between XGC and GBC by combining computed tomography (CT) images and deep learning (DL) to maximize the therapeutic success of surgery.Methods: We collected a dataset, including preoperative CT images, from 28 cases of GBC and 21 XGC patients undergoing surgery at our facility. It was subdivided into training and validation (n = 40), and test (n = 9) datasets. We built a CT patch‐based discriminating model using a residual convolutional neural network and employed 5‐fold cross‐validation. The discriminating performance of the model was analyzed in the test dataset.Results: Of the 40 patients in the training dataset, GBC and XGC were observed in 21 (52.5%), and 19 (47.5%) patients, respectively. A total of 61 126 patches were extracted from the 40 patients. In the validation dataset, the average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 98.8%, 98.0%, and 98.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.9985. In the test dataset, which included 11 738 patches, the discriminating accuracy for GBC patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) (n = 3) was insufficient (61.8%). However, the discriminating model demonstrated high accuracy (98.2%) and AUC (0.9893) for cases other than those receiving NAC.Conclusion: Our CT‐based DL model exhibited high discriminating performance in patients with GBC and XGC. Our study proposes a novel concept for selecting the appropriate procedure and avoiding unnecessary invasive measures.

Calcifying nested stromal epithelial tumor (CNSET) is a primary neoplasm of the liver, characterized by well-demarcated nests consisting of spindle and epithelioid cells with calcification and bone formation. An association of Cushing syndrome with CNSET has drawn attention, but the origin of CNSET has not been clarified. We report here the case of a 20-year-old male with Klinefelter syndrome who underwent liver resection for an increasing liver tumor that was pathologically diagnosed with CNSET. He was postoperatively followed up and received several examinations, and recurrences and extrahepatic lymph node metastases were detected on the 64th day after surgery. Chemoembolization and chemotherapy were not effective, leading to tumor progression with development of progressive liver failure, and the patient finally died 164 days after hepatectomy. This case suggests that an imbalance of hormones affects the genesis and progression of CNSET, and indicates the importance of closely following patients with CNSET by imaging with attention to hepatic recurrence and extrahepatic metastases.

グルタミン酸脱炭酸酵素（GAD）活性を利用したたくあん漬けのγ-アミノ酪酸（GABA）含量の変化について検討を行った．新鮮ダイコンのGABA含有量0.28±0.01mg/g乾燥重（DW）に対して，日干しまたは塩押しといった脱水処理により4.93∼9.07mg/g DWまで増大した．グルタミン酸（Glu）は5.72±0.23mg/g DWから0.59∼0.85mg/g DWまで減少した．GAD活性は新鮮ダイコンで最も高く，脱水·塩蔵処理にともない顕著に低下した．食塩と同時に0.1∼0.5%のグルタミン酸ナトリウム（MSG）を添加することで，さらに1.2∼3倍まで増大させることができた．MSG添加した塩蔵ダイコンの上がり水に，経時的なGluの低下とGABAの増大が認められた．微生物により変換されたGABAが塩蔵ダイコンに移行することが示唆された．塩蔵ダイコンの色は，無添加ダイコンでは淡黄色を保持していたが，MSG添加したダイコンは，塩蔵2ヶ月を超えると，くすんだ灰色に変色した．これらの結果から，MSGの添加は塩蔵ダイコンのGABAを富化させることはできるが，色の変化により塩蔵による保存寿命を短縮させることが明らかになった．

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the origin of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) may promote pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), eliciting changes in the quiescent PSC (qPSC) population from the precancerous stage. However, the details are unknown. We evaluated the subpopulations of qPSCs and the impact of T2D. PSCs isolated from 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice and diabetic db/db mice were analyzed by single-cell RNA-seq. Sorted qPSCs and PDAC cells were transplanted into allogenic mice. The isolated qPSCs were broadly classified into mesothelial cell and pancreatic fibroblast (Paf) populations by single-cell RNA-seq. Pafs were subclassified into inflammatory Pafs, myofibroblastic Pafs (myPafs) and a small population named tumor immunity- and angiogenesis-promoting Pafs (tapPafs), expressing Cxcl13 . In the subcutaneous transplantation model, the tumors transplanted with myPafs were significantly larger than the tumors transplanted with tapPafs. An increase in myPafs and a decrease in tapPafs were observed from the precancerous stage in human T2D, indicating the effects of tumor progression. This study revealed the subpopulation changes in qPSCs in T2D. A therapy that increases the number of tapPafs could be a therapeutic option for patients with PDAC and T2D and even those in a precancerous stage of T2D.