The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of heart rate on shooting performance in elite archers. Regularly trained 13 (7 female, 6 male) international level elite archers performed a (specific) protocol twice with 3 days interval in an indoor area. In order to raise the heart rate (HR) and related physiological stress the archers performed 4 sets of steady pace shuttle runs (males 10 km h-1; females 8 km h-1) for 3 minutes in a 20 m course following with 1 minute stop during which they performed 3 shots to 18 meter distance indoor target, and followed by 1 minute rest, where blood sample was collected from ear lobe for blood lactate (BL) analysis. Heart rate monitors were used for heart rate (HR) recordings with 5 seconds intervals for resting, running, shooting, and recovery periods. The score of the shots were recorded as in the normal archery indoor competition. Average (overall) results were taken into account for statistical analysis. Mean HR and BL during resting shoot in 1st and 2nd tests were 119.0 and 112.2 bpm (range 1st test: 101-142 bpm, 2nd test: 96-135 bpm) and 1.72 and 1.65 mmol.L-1 (range 1st test: 0.9-2.6 mmol.L-1, 2nd test: 0.8-2.3 mmol.L-1) respectively. Mean HR and BL during post exercise shooting in 1st and 2nd tests were 168 and 166 bpm (range 1st test: 152-191 bpm, 2nd test: 147-188 bpm) and 4.21 and 3.44 mmol.L-1 (range 1st test: 1.3-7.0 mmol.L-1, 2nd test: 1.3-5.7 mmol.L-1) respectively. There was not any statistically difference between shooting scores (27.50-27.23 points) after running exercise and resting (p > 0.05). It was concluded that, under simulated indoor competition environment, high HR values do not influence short distance shooting scores.

Football is a complex game that requires combined technical, tactical, and psychological skills. The effect of training methods on players is crucial to improve their performance significantly. Different training methods can improve certain performance; however, the effect of combined training methodologies has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to investigate the differential effects of small-sided games (SSGs), strength training (ST), and a combined training model (CTM) on the physical performance of soccer players. In this study, we analyzed 60 players in three groups. Two groups were trained independently with two single-training methods, small-sided games and a strength training model, and one group was trained independently with a double-training method, a combination of single-training methods. Before each training session, each group was given theoretical education specific to the training program they would perform. Eighteen physical measurements of the players were obtained using sensitive devices before and after they were completed. Four tree-based machine learning models, decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting, were applied to solve the complex pattern of training strategies using the measurements. Extensive and comparative experiments were conducted to distinguish the groups of players. The distinction between the initial and final measurements was analyzed separately, and the extreme gradient boosting model achieved 0.73–0.80 and 1.00 accuracy for initial and final tests by outperforming other models. A superior model, XGBoost, was used to analyze the effective decisive factors that improved after the training sessions. The results showed that players in the double-training group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in skill performance compared to both single-training groups. In contrast, the skill gains observed in the single-training groups were modest and partially overlapping, indicating limited differentiation between them. These results suggest that integrated training programs may offer more comprehensive benefits and can inform evidence-based decision-making for coaches seeking to optimize physical development in soccer players.

This study was conducted to determine whether the psychological flexibility and state anxiety levels of individuals who exercise regularly differ from those of sedentary individuals and to determine whether exercise has a mediating role on psychological flexibility and state anxiety levels. The participants of the study, which was conducted using the causal comparison model, consisted of 100 people aged 18 years and over who exercised regularly, selected by purposive sampling method, and the sedentary group consisted of 100 people aged 18 years and over who had no exercise history, selected by random sampling method. Personal information form, Beck Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used in the study. The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference between the anxiety levels of regular exercisers and sedentary individuals. Another result of the study is that there is a significant negative relationship between both anxiety and state anxiety levels and psychological flexibility levels of participants who exercise regularly. In addition, it was determined that the total scores of the Psychological Flexibility Scale predicted the Beck Anxiety Scale and State Anxiety Inventory scores statistically significantly and negatively in individuals who exercised regularly. As a result, it can be said that regular exercise may positively affect psychological flexibility and may be a factor that reduces both state and general anxiety levels

This study was conducted to determine whether the psychological flexibility and state anxiety levels of individuals who exercise regularly differ from those of sedentary individuals and to determine whether exercise has a mediating role on psychological flexibility and state anxiety levels. The participants of the study, which was conducted using the causal comparison model, consisted of 100 people aged 18 years and over who exercised regularly, selected by purposive sampling method, and the sedentary group consisted of 100 people aged 18 years and over who had no exercise history, selected by random sampling method. Personal information form, Beck Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used in the study. The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference between the anxiety levels of regular exercisers and sedentary individuals. Another result of the study is that there is a significant negative relationship between both anxiety and state anxiety levels and psychological flexibility levels of participants who exercise regularly. In addition, it was determined that the total scores of the Psychological Flexibility Scale predicted the Beck Anxiety Scale and State Anxiety Inventory scores statistically significantly and negatively in individuals who exercised regularly. As a result, it can be said that regular exercise may positively affect psychological flexibility and may be a factor that reduces both state and general anxiety levels.