Panax ginseng Meyer is an important medicinal crop; however, most ginseng farmers cultivate native species that are not genetically fixed. Although several cultivars have been developed in Korea, distribution to farmers remains insufficient given their low propagation characteristics. This study compared the efficiency of seed production and micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis. Seeds were collected from cultivars, and zygotic embryo-derived explants were inoculated and cultured in a series of media for micropropagation. Seed production and characteristics of commercial cultivars were evaluated. The number of seeds from a 4-year-old individual cultivar was 23.1–58.8, and seed characteristics varied with cultivars. The genotype had a notable effect on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. The number of somatic embryos and shoots obtained from a single seed of cultivars was 71.3–100.2 and 50.7–61.3, respectively. The number of in vitro grown roots (IGRs) per a single seed was 37.1–41.1 in one year. IGRs were successfully acclimatized and sprouted normally in the field. Flow cytometry analysis suggested that micropropagated plants had no ploidy variations. The results demonstrated the utility of somatic embryogenesis in the in vitro micropropagation of P. ginseng cultivars. Our findings can enhance the distribution of cultivars among farmers in the future.

Profiling of Disease-Related Metabolites in Grapevine Internode Tissues Infected with Agrobacterium vitis crown gall;gas chromatography mass spectrometry;grapevine;metabolic profiling;multivariate data analysis; Green shoot cuttings of 10 different grapevine species were inoculated with Agrobacterium vitis to find disease-related metabolites in the grapevine. Crown galls formed 60 days after inoculation varied in gall severity (GS) evaluated by gall incidence (GI) and gall diameter (GD), which were classified into three response types as RR (low GI and small GD), SR (high GI and small GD), and SS (high GI and large GD), corresponding to resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible responses, respectively. In this, 4, 4, and 2 Vitis species were classified into RR, SR, and SS, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the grapevine stem metabolites with A. vitis infection showed 134 metabolites in various compound classes critically occurred, which were differentially clustered with the response types by the principal component analysis. Multivariate analysis of the metabolite profile revealed that 11 metabolites increased significantly in relation to the response types, mostly at post-inoculation stages, more prevalently (8 metabolites) at two days after inoculation than other stages, and more related to SS (7 metabolites) than RR (3 metabolites) or SR (one metabolite). This suggests most of the disease-related metabolites may be rarely pre-existing but mostly induced by pathogen infection largely for facilitating gall development except stilbene compound resveratrol, a phytoalexin that may be involved in the resistance response. All of these aspects may be used for the selection of resistant grapevine cultivars and their rootstocks for the control of the crown gall disease of the grapevine.

This study evaluated the feasibility of a small-scale system for recovering moisture from indoor air and reusing the recovered water for indoor plant irrigation. A condensate production system comprising a thermoelectric module, cooling plate, and heat sink was developed and integrated into a plant pot. By lowering the cooling surface temperature to the dew point or below, the system condensed and collected moisture from the surrounding air. During the plant cultivation experiment, 66 paired observations of dew point temperature and condensate production were obtained, with a mean condensate production of 35.38 ± 18.44 mL day⁻¹. Physicochemical water-quality analysis was conducted to characterize the collected condensate. To assess its suitability for irrigation, a cultivation trial was conducted using Humata tyermannii, Hedera helix, and Hoya carnosa ‘Exotica Hort’. After Holm correction for multiple comparisons, most growth parameters did not differ significantly between the condensate and tap water treatments, whereas root fresh weight was significantly higher in the condensate treatment for H. tyermannii and H. helix. A supplemental energy test conducted in 2026 showed an overall specific energy consumption of 23.27 kWh L⁻¹ under the tested conditions, indicating that energy efficiency remains an important limitation of the current experimental system. These findings support the feasibility of condensate reuse for indoor plant irrigation under the tested conditions and provide baseline data for the development of a proof-of-concept model for circular water use in small indoor green spaces. However, improvements in energy efficiency and further long-term water-quality evaluation are required for practical application.