Vegan and vegetarian dietary patterns have moved from minority dietary choices to central elements of contemporary nutritional guidance, supported by observational cohorts, short-term randomised trials, and umbrella-level evidence (i.e., syntheses of multiple systematic reviews) reporting favourable associations with body weight, blood lipids, blood pressure, glycaemic control, and inflammatory markers. Recent direct comparisons against healthy omnivorous comparators—including the OMNIVEG controlled crossover transitioning from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet and the Landry identical-twin trial—indicate that well-formulated plant-based patterns can produce additional short-term improvements in selected cardiometabolic markers even when the comparator is not the modern Western diet. Interpretation of the broader evidence base is nonetheless constrained by comparator quality, residual confounding, exposure misclassification, reliance on intermediate biomarkers, and limited follow-up. This critical narrative review integrates clinical, methodological, nutritional, and physiological evidence to compare vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous dietary patterns, and argues that the dominant explanatory axis of long-term outcomes is dietary pattern quality—minimally processed plant-rich composition, nutrient adequacy, low ultra-processed food intake, and adherence—rather than the binary inclusion or exclusion of animal-source foods. Well-planned vegan and vegetarian patterns are valid dietary expressions that require systematic attention to vitamin B12, iodine, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, EPA/DHA, and protein quality. Public health messaging should prioritise food quality, processing level, nutrient adequacy, adherence, and outcome hierarchy over binary dietary identities.

Professional wildland firefighters are exposed to substantial physical, thermal, respiratory, and psychosocial demands. This cross-sectional study examined whether cardiometabolic and work-related health indicators differed among the five provinces of Castilla-La Mancha after accounting for age and sex. The analytical sample comprised 757 salaried GEACAM wildland firefighters (663 men and 94 women). Outcomes were visceral fat level, device-derived metabolic age, metabolic age gap, the Work Ability Index (WAI), the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), self-rated health, and anxiety problems. Province effects were tested using heteroscedasticity-robust linear models or logistic regression, with age and sex as covariates. Adjusted pairwise provincial contrasts were corrected using Holm’s method. Province was associated with visceral fat level (F(4, 687) = 3.21, p = 0.013, partial R² = 0.021) and PSS-14 score (F(4, 685) = 4.64, p = 0.001, partial R² = 0.029). No adjusted provincial association was found for metabolic age, metabolic age gap, WAI, self-rated health, or anxiety problems. After Holm correction, PSS-14 scores were lower in Albacete than in Guadalajara (adjusted difference = −3.17, 95% CI −5.18 to −1.16; pHolm = 0.018) and Toledo (−3.54, 95% CI −5.36 to −1.72; pHolm = 0.001). Although the global province effect for visceral fat was significant, no individual pairwise contrast remained significant after Holm correction. Provincial heterogeneity was therefore modest and concentrated in perceived stress and, less conclusively, visceral fat. These findings support age- and sex-adjusted surveillance while precluding causal explanations based on terrain, fire exposure, workload, or recovery, none of which were measured.

El Tang Soo Do es un arte marcial versátil que destaca por el uso de la cadera para sus gestos técnicos. El karate es una de las artes marciales más atractivas alrededor del mundo. Tanto karate como Tang Soo Do comparten un estilo firme en sus técnicas y combate. Sin embargo, algunas de las formas en Tang Soo Do poseen un estilo suave similar al kung fu y al tai chi. Por ello, es interesante describir y comparar las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal de los practicantes de Tang Soo Do y karate a nivel recreativo. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en Medline® y Web of Science® durante enero de 2021. Se escogieron 10 estudios, organizando sus datos según composición corporal, fuerza muscular, resistencia muscular, flexibilidad y VO2max. Se encontraron 2 estudios en practicantes recreativos de Tang Soo Do y 8 en karate a nivel mundial, por lo que no existen suficientes estudios que permitan describir y comparar adecuadamente las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal entre sus practicantes a nivel recreativo; sin embargo, los resultados encontrados indican que es importante realizar más investigaciones que midan estas variables, con la finalidad de considerar en base a la evidencia alTang Soo Do como una importante opción para el bienestar físico y mental de sus practicantes. Las investigaciones futuras pueden evaluar estos datos en distintos grupos etarios, localización, tiempo de entrenamiento o tipos de competiciones según formas, combate o mixto. Además, se pueden realizar estudios comparativos en los practicantes de Tang Soo Do que permita a este arte marcial ser desde la evidencia una importante opción de práctica en colegios y universidades, así como un estilo de vida para sus practicantes.