Covalent attachment, through a phosphonate anchor, of hydrophilic pegylated dendrons on iron oxide nanoparticles results in versatile, robust, and highly relaxing MRI contrast agents.

BACKGROUND.: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the efficacy of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[F‐18]fluoro‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) in the detection of primary tumors in patients with disseminated carcinoma of unknown primary site.METHODS.: Ten studies (involving a total of 221 patients) tat were published between 1998 and 2006 were reviewed. Each study evaluated the role of FDG‐PET in the detection of unknown primary tumors after a conventional diagnostic workup. Although 94% of patients had a single site of metastases, the studies otherwise were very heterogeneous in the studied population, study design, and additional diagnostic workup.RESULTS.: In 41% of patients, FDG‐PET detected primary tumors that were not apparent after conventional workup. In this group of patients, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates of FDG‐PET in detecting unknown primary tumors were 91.9%, 81.9%, and 80.5%, respectively. FDG‐PET imaging also led to the detection of previously unrecognized metastases in 37% of patients. Lung cancers represented 59% of the detected tumors. FDG‐PET had a notably high false‐positive rate (58.3%) in tumors of the lower digestive tract. FDG‐PET altered the clinical management in 34.7% of patients. Most of those patients (53%) received specific chemotherapy for lung and pancreatic cancers; whereas 12% received specific therapy for breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers; and 14% underwent surgery with curative intent.CONCLUSIONS.: FDG‐PET was an efficient method for detecting primary tumors that were undetected by other modalities and was sensitive for the detection of previously unrecognized metastases. FDG‐PET significantly changed clinical management in approximately one‐third of the patients studied. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.

The cytotoxicity of luminescent paramagnetic gadolinium oxide nanoparticles activated by harmless thermal neutron irradiation was evaluated on a luciferase coding gene transfected lymphome cells (EL4-Luc). Cellular uptake of nanoparticles was determined by fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging and by ICP-MS analyses while the metabolic activity of irradiated EL4-Luc cells was monitored by bioluminescence. The alteration of the irradiated cells depends both on neutron irradiation dose and on gadolinium content within cells. In addition to their dual modality imaging ability, the application of these multifunctional particles for neutron capture therapy can be envisaged.