Now that many countries have set goals for reaching net zero emissions by the middle of the century, it is important to clarify the role of each country in achieving the 1.5 °C target of the Paris Agreement. Here, we evaluated China’s role by calculating the global temperature impacts caused by China’s emission pathways available in global emissions scenarios toward the 1.5 °C target. Our results show that China’s contribution to global warming in 2050 (since 2005) is 0.17 °C on average, with a range of 0.1 °C to 0.22 °C. The peak contributions of China vary from 0.1 °C to 0.23 °C, with the years reached distributing between 2036 and 2065. The large difference in peak temperatures arises from the differences in emission pathways of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). We further analyzed the effect of the different mix of CO₂ and CH₄ mitigation trajectories in China’s pathways on the global mean temperature. We found that China’s near-term CH₄ mitigation reduces the peak temperature in the middle of the century, whereas it plays a less important role in determining the end-of-the-century temperature. Early CH₄ mitigation action in China is an effective way to shave the peak temperature, further contributing to reducing the temperature overshoot along the way toward the 1.5 °C target. This underscores the necessity for early CO₂ mitigation to ultimately achieve the long-term temperature goal.

A crucial problem which China faces is how to improve its energy consumption structure. In this paper, a system dynamic model of energy substitution based on energy capital and putty-clay theory is adopted, in order to explore the substitution effect of natural gas on the energy consumption structure transition in China. The results demonstrate that the huge capital stocks of coal and oil capacities effectively delay the progress of natural gas substitution for optimizing the energy structure, resulting in a limited effect of natural gas substitution in the short term and a large cumulative effect in the long term. Further scenario analyses indicate that natural gas subsidies and carbon price policies have positive effects on the growth of natural gas consumption and the optimization of the energy structure. We also found that a higher pressure of safety supply may emerge to meet the demand for energy consumption in the energy transition. Recommendations are given for improving the energy consumption structure in China from three aspects: allocating capital investment to natural gas, reducing the transition cost between natural gas and other energy sources, and awareness of the systemic risks in energy consumption.

We developed an emulator for integrated assessment models (emIAM) based on a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve approach. Drawing on the output of IAMs in the Exploring National and Global Actions to reduce Greenhouse gas Emissions (ENGAGE) Scenario Explorer and the GET model, we derived an extensive array of MAC curves, encompassing 10 IAMs, at the global and regional levels for 10 regions; three gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O); eight portfolios of available mitigation technologies; and two emission sources. We tested the performance of emIAM by coupling it with the simple climate model ACC2 (ACC2–emIAM). Our analysis showed that the optimizing climate–economy model ACC2–emIAM adequately reproduced a majority of the original IAM emission outcomes under similar conditions. This can facilitate systematic exploration of IAMs with small computational resources. emIAM holds the potential to enhance the capabilities of simple climate models as a tool for calculating cost-effective pathways directly aligned with temperature targets.

Now that many countries have set goals for reaching net zero emissions in mid-century, it is important to clarify the role of each country in achieving the 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement. Here, we evaluated China’s role by calculating the global temperature impacts caused by different national emission pathways toward the net zero target. Our results showed that China’s contribution to global warming since 2005 is 0.17°C on average in 2050, with a range of 0.1°C to 0.22°C. The peak contributions of these pathways vary from 0.1°C to 0.23°C, with the years reached distributing between 2036 and 2065. The large difference in peak temperatures arises from the differences in emission pathways of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). We further analyzed the effect of the different mix of CO2 and CH4 mitigation trajectories from China’s pathways on the global mean temperature. We found that China’s near-term CH4 mitigation reduces the peak temperature in the mid-century by 0.02°C whereas it plays a less important role in determining the end-of-the-century temperature. Early CH4 mitigation action in China is an effective way to shave the peak temperature, further contributing to reducing the temperature overshoot along the way toward the 1.5°C target. This further underscores the necessity for early CO2 mitigation to achieve the long-term temperature goal ultimately.

This paper expands research on the relationship marketing model of “customer gratitude→repeated purchase intention” by focusing on customers’ psychological and introducing customer psychological ownership, brand attachment, and product attitude as three mediator variables into the SOR theory. The PLS-SEM method is applied to analyze 283 questionnaires. The results are as follows. (1) Customer gratitude is an essential factor for customer psychological ownership, which has a significant positive impact on brand attachment and product attitude. (2) Brand attachment and product attitude are critical factors for consumers’ repeated purchase intention. (3) The mediating effects of customer psychological ownership, brand attachment, and product attitude were further confirmed. This paper can provide references for companies and service personnel on optimizing services and maximizing profits during competition.

We developed an emulator for Integrated Assessment Models (emIAM) based on a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve approach. Using the output of IAMs in the ENGAGE Scenario Explorer and the GET model, we derived a large set of MAC curves: ten IAMs; global and eleven regions; three gases CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O; eight portfolios of available mitigation technologies; and two emission sources. We tested the performance of emIAM by coupling it with a simple climate model ACC2. We found that the optimizing climate-economy model emIAM-ACC2 adequately reproduced a majority of original IAM emission outcomes under similar conditions, allowing systematic explorations of IAMs with small computational resources. emIAM can expand the capability of simple climate models as a tool to calculate cost-effective pathways linked directly to a temperature target.