Gout is more common in men than in women, by a factor of 3.1–10.1. Gout prevalence and incidence have increased in recent decades, with prevalence reaching 11–13% and incidence reaching 0.4% in people over the age of 80. Age-related renal impairment, altered drug distribution, and increased prevalence of comorbidities have significant consequences for safe and effective gout pharmacotherapy. The Discovery of Fruitful in-vivo animal models needs the effective screening of drugs or formulations used in the treatment of gout. In vivo animal models of Gouty arthritis are extensively used to investigate pathogenic mechanisms governing inflammation-driven bone and cartilage damage. Four commonly utilized models include the Potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic model, MSU crystals induced gouty arthritis animal model, Animal Model of Acute Gouty Arthritis with Hyperuricemia, and Diet-induced hyperuricemia. These offer unique advantages for correlating different aspects of gouty arthritis with human disease. In-vivo animal models served as testing beds for novel biological therapies, including cytokine blockers and small molecule inhibitors of intracellular signaling that have revolutionized gouty arthritis treatment. This review highlights a brief overview of in vivo experimental models for assessment of hypouricemic, anti-inflammatory, as well as renal protective effects of test compounds with some evaluation parameters in detail.

Objective: Role of leptin resistance in correlation between obesity and asthma. Methods: High-caloric diet was given for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Ovalbumin followed by aluminum hydroxide was given to induce asthma. The animal was treated with leptin analog (0.4 mg/kg, i.p. for 7 days) and leptin antagonist (3 mg/kg, p.o., for 7 days). Biochemical parameters such as serum leptin, ghrelin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and physical parameters such as tidal volume and airflow rate were estimated to confirm the state of asthma and obesity, respectively. Results: It was found that leptin and ghrelin were elevated in obese and obese asthmatic condition, responsible for leptin resistance. Treatment with leptin analog and leptin antagonist significantly increases and decreases serum leptin levels, respectively. There was no significant change in TNF-α and ghrelin level after leptin analog treatment. The result of respiratory parameters improved with leptin analog. From our study, we found beneficial role of leptin analog in obese asthmatic condition. Conclusion: Leptin is an alternative treatment approach to treat obese asthmatic condition.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of leptin analog and salbutamol in obese asthmatic mice. Methods: Obese asthmatic condition was induced by administration of hypercaloric diet for 8 weeks followed by ovalbumin-aluminum hydroxide. The animals were treated with leptin analog (0.4 mg/kg, i.p. for 14 days) and salbutamol (2 mg/kg, PO for 14 days). Biochemical parameters such as serum leptin, ghrelin, and tumor necrosis factor-α and physical parameters such as tidal volume and airflow rate were estimated to confirm the state of asthma and obesity, respectively. Results: Elevated serum leptin and ghrelin were associated with leptin resistance in obese asthmatic mice. It was found that a significant increase in serum leptin level with animal treated with leptin analog and salbutamol when compared to animals treated with leptin analog alone. The result of respiratory parameters and serum parameters also improved with the combination of leptin analog and salbutamol. From our study, we found that salbutamol potentiates the effect of leptin analog in obese asthmatic condition. Conclusion: Leptin analog and salbutamol are an alternative treatment approach to treat the obese asthmatic condition.