Land surface temperature (LST) is an important input parameter to characterize urban environmental heat change. Existing satellite-borne thermal infrared sensor technology cannot completely support the applications using high spatial resolution LST, such as analysis of urban thermal environment and energy consumption assessment. Downscaling LST is an alternative method to retrieve LST of high spatial resolution. In this paper, we propose an improved multi-factor geographically weighted regression (MFGWR) algorithm for LST downscaling. More factors were incorporated into geographically weighted regression method by taking into account different land covers and temporal variation so that the downscaled LST at urban areas with complicated land cover at various seasons was improved. It was applied to four urban areas with large difference on land cover at different seasons. Taking into account different factors, the temperature distribution of MFGWR reproduced additional spatial detail. Compared with the major statistical LST downscaling methods including thermal image sharpening algorithm (TsHarp), multiple scale factors with adaptive thresholds algorithm (MSFAT), support vector machine regression combined with gradient boosting (SVR-GB), and GWR, MFWGR showed a stable performance and higher accuracy.

The retrieval of global significant wave height (SWH) data is crucial for maritime navigation, aquaculture safety, and oceanographic research. Leveraging the high temporal resolution and spatial coverage of Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) data, machine learning models have shown promise in SWH retrieval. However, existing models struggle with accuracy under high-SWH conditions and discard a significant number of such observations due to low quality, which limits their effectiveness in global SWH retrieval, particularly for monitoring tropical cyclone (TC) events. To address this, this study proposes a daily global SWH retrieval framework through the enhanced eXtreme Gradient Boosting model (XGBoost-SC), which incorporates Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) matching to introduce prior distribution information and reduce errors for SWH values exceeding 3 m. An enhanced loss function is employed to improve accuracy and mitigate the distribution bias in low-SWH retrieval induced by CDF matching. The results were tested over one million sample points and validated against the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) SWH product. With the help of CDF matching, XGBoost-SC outperformed all models, significantly reducing RMSE and bias while improving the retrieval capability for high SWHs. For SWH values between 3–6 m, the RMSE and bias were 0.94 m and −0.44 m, and for values above 6 m, they were 2.79 m and −2.0 m. The enhanced performance of XGBoost-SC for large SWHs was further confirmed in TC conditions over the Western North Pacific and in the Western Atlantic Ocean. This study provides a reference for large-scale SWH retrieval, particularly under TC conditions.

Landslide displacement prediction is vital for geohazard early warning and infrastructure safety. To address the challenges of modeling nonstationary, nonlinear, and multiscale behaviors inherent in GNSS time series, this study proposes a hybrid predicting framework that integrates Past Decomposable Mixing with an inverted Transformer architecture (PDM-iTransformer). The PDM module decomposes the original sequence into multi-resolution trend and seasonal components, using structured bottom-up and top-down mixing strategies to enhance feature representation. The iTransformer then models each variable’s time series independently, applying cross-variable self-attention to capture latent dependencies and using feed-forward networks to extract local dynamic features. This design enables simultaneous modeling of long-term trends and short-term fluctuations. Experimental results on GNSS monitoring data demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms traditional models, with R² increased by 16.2–48.3% and RMSE and MAE reduced by up to 1.33 mm and 1.08 mm, respectively. These findings validate the framework’s effectiveness and robustness in predicting landslide displacement under complex terrain conditions.

Landslide event warning in mining areas is essential for geohazard risk mitigation and infrastructure safety. With the increasing use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) monitoring networks, warning decisions are often derived from abnormal deformation responses in continuous displacement records. However, deriving stable and transferable warning decisions from GNSS networks is challenged by spatially coupled station responses, time-varying displacement patterns, and incomplete or disturbed observations. To address these issues, this study proposes a graph-augmented gradient boosting decision tree framework, termed GA-GBDT (Graph-Augmented Gradient Boosting Decision Trees), for multi-station landslide event warning in mining areas. The framework first constructs a weighted station graph to encode spatial dependence across stations. Based on this graph, a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) are integrated to learn spatio-temporal embeddings, which are then fused with station-wise features and fed into XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) for warning decision-making. Experiments on a 90-station GNSS network show that GA-GBDT outperforms representative rule-based, machine-learning, and deep-learning baselines, achieving more robust warning performance with improved generalization and false-alarm control. These results indicate that GA-GBDT improves warning robustness, decision stability, and cross-zone generalization for GNSS-based landslide warning in mining areas, with potential transferability to other slope warning scenarios.

Accurate prediction of displacement and early warning are fundamental to dam structural health monitoring (SHM). Hydrostatic, thermal, and aging-related environmental drivers affect dam displacements at different response rates, leading to heterogeneous hysteresis effects. Existing models often rely on fixed or single-scale temporal representations, or introduce historical displacement observations as inputs, thereby limiting their ability to distinguish short-term hydrostatic responses, thermal hysteresis effects, and long-term cumulative deformation, and weakening the independence of predicted displacements for early warning. This study develops an interpretable environmental factor-driven deep learning (DL) framework, termed past decomposable mixing with gated attention residual (PDM-GAR) network, for dam displacement prediction and early warning. The PDM module is adopted to decompose historical environmental sensing data into multiple temporal scales to represent environmental evolution at different temporal resolutions. The GAR module integrates gated recurrent units, multi-head attention, and residual connections to directly predict future dam displacement from environmental monitoring data. PDM-GAR was trained and evaluated using 11 years of monitoring data from a concrete gravity dam, reducing the prediction errors by up to 56.3% compared to statistical and DL baseline models. Prediction residuals were further modeled using kernel density estimation to establish multi-level warning thresholds. In addition, perturbation experiments were performed to quantify the impact of input anomalies and to identify sensitive variables and timesteps. These results demonstrate that PDM-GAR provides a reliable prediction-warning-interpretation framework for dam SHM.