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SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality ratios (IFR) remain controversially discussed with implications for political measures. The German county of Tirschenreuth suffered a severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in spring 2020, with particularly high case fatality ratio (CFR). To estimate seroprevalence, underreported infections, and IFR for the Tirschenreuth population aged ≥14 years in June/July 2020, we conducted a population-based study including home visits for the elderly, and analyzed 4203 participants for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies via three antibody tests. Latent class analysis yielded 8.6% standardized county-wide seroprevalence, a factor of underreported infections of 5.0, and 2.5% overall IFR. Seroprevalence was two-fold higher among medical workers and one third among current smokers with similar proportions of registered infections. While seroprevalence did not show an age-trend, the factor of underreported infections was 12.2 in the young versus 1.7 for ≥85-year-old. Age-specific IFRs were <0.5% below 60 years of age, 1.0% for age 60–69, and 13.2% for age 70+. Senior care homes accounted for 45% of COVID-19-related deaths, reflected by an IFR of 7.5% among individuals aged 70+ and an overall IFR of 1.4% when excluding senior care home residents from our computation. Our data underscore senior care home infections as key determinant of IFR additionally to age, insufficient targeted testing in the young, and the need for further investigations on behavioral or molecular causes of the fewer infections among current smokers.
Ralf Wagner; David Peterhoff; Stephanie Beileke; Felix Günther; Melanie Berr; Sebastian Einhauser; Anja Schütz; Hans Niller; Philipp Steininger; Antje Knöll; Matthias Tenbusch; Clara Maier; Klaus Korn; Klaus Stark; André Gessner; Ralph Burkhardt; Michael Kabesch; Holger Schedl; Helmut Küchenhoff; Annette Pfahlberg; Iris Heid; Olaf Gefeller; Klaus Überla. Estimates and Determinants of SARS-Cov-2 Seroprevalence and Infection Fatality Ratio Using Latent Class Analysis: The Population-Based Tirschenreuth Study in the Hardest-Hit German County in Spring 2020. Viruses 2021, 13, 1118 .
AMA StyleRalf Wagner, David Peterhoff, Stephanie Beileke, Felix Günther, Melanie Berr, Sebastian Einhauser, Anja Schütz, Hans Niller, Philipp Steininger, Antje Knöll, Matthias Tenbusch, Clara Maier, Klaus Korn, Klaus Stark, André Gessner, Ralph Burkhardt, Michael Kabesch, Holger Schedl, Helmut Küchenhoff, Annette Pfahlberg, Iris Heid, Olaf Gefeller, Klaus Überla. Estimates and Determinants of SARS-Cov-2 Seroprevalence and Infection Fatality Ratio Using Latent Class Analysis: The Population-Based Tirschenreuth Study in the Hardest-Hit German County in Spring 2020. Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRalf Wagner; David Peterhoff; Stephanie Beileke; Felix Günther; Melanie Berr; Sebastian Einhauser; Anja Schütz; Hans Niller; Philipp Steininger; Antje Knöll; Matthias Tenbusch; Clara Maier; Klaus Korn; Klaus Stark; André Gessner; Ralph Burkhardt; Michael Kabesch; Holger Schedl; Helmut Küchenhoff; Annette Pfahlberg; Iris Heid; Olaf Gefeller; Klaus Überla. 2021. "Estimates and Determinants of SARS-Cov-2 Seroprevalence and Infection Fatality Ratio Using Latent Class Analysis: The Population-Based Tirschenreuth Study in the Hardest-Hit German County in Spring 2020." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1118.
SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality ratios (IFR) remain controversially discussed with implications for political measures, but the number of registered infections depends on testing strategies and deduced case fatality ratios (CFR) are poor proxies for IFR. The German county of Tirschenreuth suffered a severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in spring 2020 with particularly high CFR. To estimate seroprevalence, dark figure, and IFR for the Tirschenreuth population aged ≥14 years in June/July 2020 with misclassification error control, we conducted a population-based study, including home visits for elderly, and analyzed 4203 participants for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies via three antibody tests (64% of our random sample). Latent class analysis yielded 8.6% standardized county-wide seroprevalence, dark figure factor 5.0, and 2.5% overall IFR. Seroprevalence was two-fold higher among medical workers and one third among current smokers with similar proportions of registered infections. While seroprevalence did not show an age-trend, the dark figure was 12.2 in the young versus 1.7 for ≥85-year-old. Age-specific IFRs were <0.5% below 60 years of age, 1.0% for age 60-69, 13.2% for age 70+, confirming a previously reported age-model for IFR. Senior care homes accounted for 45% of COVID-19-related deaths, reflected by an IFR of 7.5% among individuals aged 70+ and an overall IFR of 1.4% when excluding senior care home residents from our computation. Our data underscore senior care home infections as key determinant of IFR additionally to age, insufficient targeted testing in the young, and the need for further investigations on behavioral or molecular causes of the fewer infections among current smokers.
Ralf Wagner; David Peterhoff; Stephanie Beileke; Felix Guenther; Melanie Berr; Sebastian Einhauser; Anja Schütz; Hans Helmut Niller; Philipp Steininger; Antje Knöll; Matthias Tenbusch; Clara Maier; Klaus Korn; Klaus J. Stark; Andre Gessner; Ralph Burkhardt; Michael Kabesch; Holger Schedl; Helmut Küchenhoff; Annette B. Pfahlberg; Iris M. Heid; Olaf Gefeller; Klaus Überla. Estimates and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and infection fatality ratio using latent class analysis: the population-based Tirschenreuth study in the hardest-hit German county in spring 2020. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleRalf Wagner, David Peterhoff, Stephanie Beileke, Felix Guenther, Melanie Berr, Sebastian Einhauser, Anja Schütz, Hans Helmut Niller, Philipp Steininger, Antje Knöll, Matthias Tenbusch, Clara Maier, Klaus Korn, Klaus J. Stark, Andre Gessner, Ralph Burkhardt, Michael Kabesch, Holger Schedl, Helmut Küchenhoff, Annette B. Pfahlberg, Iris M. Heid, Olaf Gefeller, Klaus Überla. Estimates and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and infection fatality ratio using latent class analysis: the population-based Tirschenreuth study in the hardest-hit German county in spring 2020. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRalf Wagner; David Peterhoff; Stephanie Beileke; Felix Guenther; Melanie Berr; Sebastian Einhauser; Anja Schütz; Hans Helmut Niller; Philipp Steininger; Antje Knöll; Matthias Tenbusch; Clara Maier; Klaus Korn; Klaus J. Stark; Andre Gessner; Ralph Burkhardt; Michael Kabesch; Holger Schedl; Helmut Küchenhoff; Annette B. Pfahlberg; Iris M. Heid; Olaf Gefeller; Klaus Überla. 2021. "Estimates and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and infection fatality ratio using latent class analysis: the population-based Tirschenreuth study in the hardest-hit German county in spring 2020." , no. : 1.
Objectives Increased importance in detection and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated due to the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs). In this study we evaluated if a commercially available real-time SARS-CoV-2 PCR assay can identify B.1.1.7 lineage samples by a specific N gene dropout or Ct value shift compared to the S or RdRP gene. Methods Patients samples with confirmed B.1.1.7 variant by whole-genome sequencing and variant-specific PCR (n=48) and non-B.1.1.7 samples (n=53) were tested by the Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2/FluA/FluB/RSV™ PCR assay for presence of S, RdRP and N gene of SARS CoV-2. The N gene coding sequence of SARS-CoV-2 with and without D3L mutation (specific for B.1.1.7) were cloned into pCR®-TOPO vectors and Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2/FluA/FluB/RSV™ PCR assay was performed. Results All studied B.1.1.7 patient samples showed significantly higher Ct values (Δ 6-10, N-gene dropout on Ct values >29) in the N gene compared to the respective values of S and RdRP gene. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis resulted in 100% sensitivity and specificity for ΔCt N/RdRP and ΔCt N/S. As a result of the reversed genetic experiments we found also the shift in Ct values for the 3L variant N-gene. Conclusions N gene dropout or Ct value shift is specific for B.1.1.7 positive samples using the Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2/FluA/FluB/RSV PCR assay. This approach can be used as a rapid tool for B.1.1.7 detection in single assay high throughput diagnostics.
Paul Wollschlaeger; Nadja Gerlitz; Daniel Todt; Stephanie Pfaender; Thomas Bollinger; Andreas Sing; Alexandra Dangel; Nikolaus Ackermann; Klaus Korn; Armin Ensser; Eike Steinmann; Michael Buhl; Joerg Steinmann. SARS-CoV-2 N gene dropout and N gene Ct value shift as indicator for the presence of B.1.1.7 lineage in a widely used commercial multiplex PCR assay. 2021, 1 .
AMA StylePaul Wollschlaeger, Nadja Gerlitz, Daniel Todt, Stephanie Pfaender, Thomas Bollinger, Andreas Sing, Alexandra Dangel, Nikolaus Ackermann, Klaus Korn, Armin Ensser, Eike Steinmann, Michael Buhl, Joerg Steinmann. SARS-CoV-2 N gene dropout and N gene Ct value shift as indicator for the presence of B.1.1.7 lineage in a widely used commercial multiplex PCR assay. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Wollschlaeger; Nadja Gerlitz; Daniel Todt; Stephanie Pfaender; Thomas Bollinger; Andreas Sing; Alexandra Dangel; Nikolaus Ackermann; Klaus Korn; Armin Ensser; Eike Steinmann; Michael Buhl; Joerg Steinmann. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 N gene dropout and N gene Ct value shift as indicator for the presence of B.1.1.7 lineage in a widely used commercial multiplex PCR assay." , no. : 1.
SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a previously unknown zoonotic coronavirus that spread worldwide causing a serious pandemic. While reliable nucleic acid-based diagnostic assays were rapidly available, there exists only a limited number of validated serological assays. Here, we evaluated a novel flow cytometric approach based on antigen-expressing HEK 293T cells to assess spike-specific IgG and IgM antibody responses. Analyses of 201 pre-COVID-19 sera proved a high assay specificity in comparison to commercially available CLIA and ELISA systems, while also revealing the highest sensitivity in specimens from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Additionally, a soluble Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) variant was established as external standard to quantify spike-specific antibody responses on different assay platforms. In conclusion, our newly established flow cytometric assay allows sensitive and quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, which can be easily adopted in different laboratories and does not rely on external supply of assay kits.
Dennis Lapuente; Clara Maier; Pascal Irrgang; Julian Huebner; Sophia Antonia Peter; Markus Hoffmann; Armin Ensser; Katharina Ziegler; Thomas H. Winkler; Thorsten Birkholz; Andreas E. Kremer; Philipp Steininger; Klaus Korn; Frank Neipel; Klaus Ueberla; Matthias Tenbusch. Rapid response flow cytometric assay for the detection of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleDennis Lapuente, Clara Maier, Pascal Irrgang, Julian Huebner, Sophia Antonia Peter, Markus Hoffmann, Armin Ensser, Katharina Ziegler, Thomas H. Winkler, Thorsten Birkholz, Andreas E. Kremer, Philipp Steininger, Klaus Korn, Frank Neipel, Klaus Ueberla, Matthias Tenbusch. Rapid response flow cytometric assay for the detection of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDennis Lapuente; Clara Maier; Pascal Irrgang; Julian Huebner; Sophia Antonia Peter; Markus Hoffmann; Armin Ensser; Katharina Ziegler; Thomas H. Winkler; Thorsten Birkholz; Andreas E. Kremer; Philipp Steininger; Klaus Korn; Frank Neipel; Klaus Ueberla; Matthias Tenbusch. 2020. "Rapid response flow cytometric assay for the detection of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2." , no. : 1.
Purpose: If routine diagnostics are inconclusive, neurological deterioration and death of brain cancer patients are attributed to tumor or therapy. Therefore, diagnosing symptoms of encephalopathy caused by human-cytomegalovirus-(HCMV)-reactivation remains uncommon. We investigated the role of HCMV-reactivation in neurological decline and clinical outcome after the start of radiochemotherapy. Experimental Design: HCMV-analyses and extended MRI-studies including additional independent retrospective neuroradiological evaluation were performed at predetermined intervals and in case of sudden neurological decline for 118 adult patients: 63 histologically proven high-grade gliomas, 55 with brain metastases. Immunophenotyping from simultaneously taken whole blood samples was carried out to detect immune cells serving as prognostic marker for HCMV-associated complications. Endpoints: symptomatic viremia, overall survival (OS). Results: 24% (28/118) of all patients (12/44 glioblastoma, 3/13 anaplastic astrocytoma; 8/31 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 13/24 other brain metastases) developed HCMV-viremia during or within 4 weeks after radiotherapy; 21/28 patients experienced concurrent major neurological decline, reversible by antiviral treatment. Identified by immunophenotyping, pre-therapeutically low basophil counts predicted a high risk for HCMV-associated encephalopathy (glioblastoma: P=0.002, NSCLC: P=0.02). Median OS was substantially reduced after HCMV-associated encephalopathy without MRI-signs of tumor progression: Glioblastoma: 99 vs 570 days (calculated 1-year OS: 22% vs 69%) (P=0.01), NSCLC: 47 vs 219 days (calculated 1-year OS: 0% vs 32%) (P=0.02). Conclusions: For brain cancer patients, HCMV-reactivation after the start of radiochemotherapy is a frequent risk for cognitively detrimental but treatable encephalopathy and premature death. Routinely performed HCMV-diagnostics, assessing basophil counts and study-based anti-viral regimens are necessary to combat this hidden threat.
Nicole L. Goerig; Benjamin Frey; Klaus Korn; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Klaus Überla; Manuel A. Schmidt; Arnd Dörfler; Tobias Engelhorn; Ilker Eyüpoglu; Paul F. Rühle; Florian Putz; Sabine Semrau; Udo S. Gaipl; Rainer Fietkau. Early Mortality of Brain Cancer Patients and its Connection to Cytomegalovirus Reactivation During Radiochemotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research 2020, 26, 3259 -3270.
AMA StyleNicole L. Goerig, Benjamin Frey, Klaus Korn, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Klaus Überla, Manuel A. Schmidt, Arnd Dörfler, Tobias Engelhorn, Ilker Eyüpoglu, Paul F. Rühle, Florian Putz, Sabine Semrau, Udo S. Gaipl, Rainer Fietkau. Early Mortality of Brain Cancer Patients and its Connection to Cytomegalovirus Reactivation During Radiochemotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research. 2020; 26 (13):3259-3270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole L. Goerig; Benjamin Frey; Klaus Korn; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Klaus Überla; Manuel A. Schmidt; Arnd Dörfler; Tobias Engelhorn; Ilker Eyüpoglu; Paul F. Rühle; Florian Putz; Sabine Semrau; Udo S. Gaipl; Rainer Fietkau. 2020. "Early Mortality of Brain Cancer Patients and its Connection to Cytomegalovirus Reactivation During Radiochemotherapy." Clinical Cancer Research 26, no. 13: 3259-3270.
To identify infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) saliva polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an ideal screening method. However, there are only few data on the influence of pre-analytic factors on the analytical sensitivity of the CMV PCR. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of different swabbing materials, transport time and initial virus concentration regarding to the efficacy of recovery of CMV-DNA. Two CMV suspensions containing a high or low concentration of the laboratory strain AD 169 were prepared as test samples. Sampling was simulated by immersion of different swabs in these CMV suspensions and storing the swabs dry or in specified transport media. Transport conditions were modelled by storing the samples for defined time periods prior to DNA extraction and quantitative PCR analyses. Parallel analyses in two different laboratories allowed determination of lab to lab consistency. The duration of storage under the conditions analysed did not have a major effect on the recovery efficiency for the swabbing materials tested. With exception of flocked dry swabs, all tested swabbing materials demonstrated good recovery of CMV DNA. The flocked swab/eNAT system showed the best overall performance. All tested swabbing materials (with exception of the flocked dry swabs) seem to be well suited for recovery of CMV DNA and appropriate for use for the diagnosis of cCMV infection in symptomatic cases and in general cCMV screening programs of newborns.
N. Kohmer; A. Nagel; A. Berger; M. Enders; K. Hamprecht; K. Korn; M. Kortenbusch; K. Überla; H.F. Rabenau. Laboratory diagnosis of congenital CMV infection in newborns: Impact of pre-analytic factors. Journal of Clinical Virology 2019, 115, 32 -36.
AMA StyleN. Kohmer, A. Nagel, A. Berger, M. Enders, K. Hamprecht, K. Korn, M. Kortenbusch, K. Überla, H.F. Rabenau. Laboratory diagnosis of congenital CMV infection in newborns: Impact of pre-analytic factors. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2019; 115 ():32-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Kohmer; A. Nagel; A. Berger; M. Enders; K. Hamprecht; K. Korn; M. Kortenbusch; K. Überla; H.F. Rabenau. 2019. "Laboratory diagnosis of congenital CMV infection in newborns: Impact of pre-analytic factors." Journal of Clinical Virology 115, no. : 32-36.
As part of the Pr55Gag polyprotein, p6 fulfills an essential role in the late steps of the replication cycle. However, almost nothing is known about the functions of the mature HIV-1 p6 protein. Recently, we showed that p6 is a bona fide substrate of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a ubiquitously expressed zinc metalloprotease. This phenomenon appears to be specific for HIV-1, since p6 homologs of HIV-2, SIV and EIAV were IDE-insensitive. Furthermore, abrogation of the IDE-mediated degradation of p6 reduces the replication capacity of HIV-1 in an Env-dependent manner. However, it remained unclear to which extent the IDE mediated degradation is phylogenetically conserved among HIV-1. Here, we describe two HIV-1 isolates with IDE resistant p6 proteins. Sequence comparison allowed deducing one single amino acid regulating IDE sensitivity of p6. Exchanging the N-terminal leucine residue of p6 derived from the IDE sensitive isolate HIV-1NL4-3 with proline enhances its stability, while replacing Pro-1 of p6 from the IDE insensitive isolate SG3 with leucine restores susceptibility towards IDE. Phylogenetic analyses of this natural polymorphism revealed that the N-terminal leucine is characteristic for p6 derived from HIV-1 group M except for subtype A, which predominantly expresses p6 with an N-terminal proline. Consequently, p6 peptides derived from subtype A are not degraded by IDE. Thus, IDE mediated degradation of p6 is specific for HIV-1 group M isolates and not occasionally distributed among HIV-1.
Adrian Schmalen; Julia Karius-Fischer; Pia Rauch; Christian Setz; Klaus Korn; Petra Henklein; Torgils Fossen; Ulrich Schubert. The N-Terminus of the HIV-1 p6 Gag Protein Regulates Susceptibility to Degradation by IDE. Viruses 2018, 10, 710 .
AMA StyleAdrian Schmalen, Julia Karius-Fischer, Pia Rauch, Christian Setz, Klaus Korn, Petra Henklein, Torgils Fossen, Ulrich Schubert. The N-Terminus of the HIV-1 p6 Gag Protein Regulates Susceptibility to Degradation by IDE. Viruses. 2018; 10 (12):710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdrian Schmalen; Julia Karius-Fischer; Pia Rauch; Christian Setz; Klaus Korn; Petra Henklein; Torgils Fossen; Ulrich Schubert. 2018. "The N-Terminus of the HIV-1 p6 Gag Protein Regulates Susceptibility to Degradation by IDE." Viruses 10, no. 12: 710.
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins mediate antiviral host defences by either directly targeting viral components or modulating innate immune responses. Here we identify a mechanism of antiviral restriction in which a TRIM E3 ligase controls viral replication by regulating the structure of host cell centrosomes and thereby nuclear lamina integrity. Through RNAi screening we identified several TRIM proteins, including TRIM43, that control the reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. TRIM43 was distinguished by its ability to restrict a broad range of herpesviruses and its profound upregulation during herpesvirus infection as part of a germline-specific transcriptional program mediated by the transcription factor DUX4. TRIM43 ubiquitinates the centrosomal protein pericentrin, thereby targeting it for proteasomal degradation, which subsequently leads to alterations of the nuclear lamina that repress active viral chromatin states. Our study identifies a role of the TRIM43–pericentrin–lamin axis in intrinsic immunity, which may be targeted for therapeutic intervention against herpesviral infections.
Florian Full; Michiel Van Gent; Konstantin Sparrer; Cindy Chiang; Matthew A. Zurenski; Myriam Scherer; Norbert H. Brockmeyer; Lucie Heinzerling; Michael Stürzl; Klaus Korn; Thomas Stamminger; Armin Ensser; Michaela U. Gack. Centrosomal protein TRIM43 restricts herpesvirus infection by regulating nuclear lamina integrity. Nature Microbiology 2018, 4, 164 -176.
AMA StyleFlorian Full, Michiel Van Gent, Konstantin Sparrer, Cindy Chiang, Matthew A. Zurenski, Myriam Scherer, Norbert H. Brockmeyer, Lucie Heinzerling, Michael Stürzl, Klaus Korn, Thomas Stamminger, Armin Ensser, Michaela U. Gack. Centrosomal protein TRIM43 restricts herpesvirus infection by regulating nuclear lamina integrity. Nature Microbiology. 2018; 4 (1):164-176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Full; Michiel Van Gent; Konstantin Sparrer; Cindy Chiang; Matthew A. Zurenski; Myriam Scherer; Norbert H. Brockmeyer; Lucie Heinzerling; Michael Stürzl; Klaus Korn; Thomas Stamminger; Armin Ensser; Michaela U. Gack. 2018. "Centrosomal protein TRIM43 restricts herpesvirus infection by regulating nuclear lamina integrity." Nature Microbiology 4, no. 1: 164-176.
Viral encephalitis developed in a previously healthy 25-year-old man, and he died 1 month after the onset of symptoms. He was an engineering student and lived in Central Franconia, Bavaria, Germany, with his family and two dogs and two cats. He often spent time outdoors, but he had not traveled recently.
Klaus Korn; Roland Coras; Tobias Bobinger; Sibylle M. Herzog; Hannes Lücking; Robert Stöhr; Hagen B. Huttner; Arndt Hartmann; Armin Ensser. Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Borna Disease Virus 1. New England Journal of Medicine 2018, 379, 1375 -1377.
AMA StyleKlaus Korn, Roland Coras, Tobias Bobinger, Sibylle M. Herzog, Hannes Lücking, Robert Stöhr, Hagen B. Huttner, Arndt Hartmann, Armin Ensser. Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Borna Disease Virus 1. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018; 379 (14):1375-1377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlaus Korn; Roland Coras; Tobias Bobinger; Sibylle M. Herzog; Hannes Lücking; Robert Stöhr; Hagen B. Huttner; Arndt Hartmann; Armin Ensser. 2018. "Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Borna Disease Virus 1." New England Journal of Medicine 379, no. 14: 1375-1377.
Our data indicate that the inhibitory effect of peptides derived from HPgV-1 E2 protein is dependent on the genotype, suggesting that coinfection with HPgV-1 GT1 is less likely to confer a beneficial effect on HIV-1 disease progression than GT2. The preferential suppression of more pathogenic CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 by peptides derived from HPgV-1 GT2 may explain the favorable effect in subjects harboring these HIV-1 isolates. Consequently, HPgV-1 genotype and HIV-1 coreceptor tropism are likely determinants for the beneficial effect of HPgV-1 co-infection in HIV-1 infected individuals.
Tamara Ruegamer; Rebecca Hoffmann; Anette Rohrhofer; Franz Audebert; Bernd Salzberger; Klaus Korn; Philipp Schuster; Jutta Eichler; Barbara Schmidt. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by human pegivirus type 1-derived peptides is affected by human pegivirus type 1 genotype and HIV-1 coreceptor tropism. AIDS 2018, 32, 1951 -1957.
AMA StyleTamara Ruegamer, Rebecca Hoffmann, Anette Rohrhofer, Franz Audebert, Bernd Salzberger, Klaus Korn, Philipp Schuster, Jutta Eichler, Barbara Schmidt. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by human pegivirus type 1-derived peptides is affected by human pegivirus type 1 genotype and HIV-1 coreceptor tropism. AIDS. 2018; 32 (14):1951-1957.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamara Ruegamer; Rebecca Hoffmann; Anette Rohrhofer; Franz Audebert; Bernd Salzberger; Klaus Korn; Philipp Schuster; Jutta Eichler; Barbara Schmidt. 2018. "Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by human pegivirus type 1-derived peptides is affected by human pegivirus type 1 genotype and HIV-1 coreceptor tropism." AIDS 32, no. 14: 1951-1957.
2036 Background: As recently demonstrated (Neurooncology, 2016), neurological decline of patients with brain cancer (high grade glioma, brain metastases) during radio(chemo)therapy (RCT) of the brain is oftentimes caused by CMV-encephalopathy but not disease progression or therapeutic complications. We examined the impact of clinical and serological CMV-status on the survival one year after the onset of radio(chemo)therapy of the brain. Methods: 118 patients requiring whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases (n = 55) or local RCT of the brain for high-grade gliomas (n = 63) were observed in the prospective GLIO-CMV-01 study. MRIs and blood samples were obtained before, halfway through, and at the end of radiotherapy. MRIs were screened for disease progression or increased intracranial pressure. Blood was tested for anti-CMV immunoglobulin (Ig)M, anti-CMV IgG, and CMV DNA. Results: 68 of 118 (58%) patients were positive for anti-CMV IgG before radio(chemo)therapy. 28 of those 68 (41%) developed CMV-viremia during or up to 28 days after the end of irradiation. 21 of those 28 (75%) required treatment for symptomatic CMV-associated encephalopathy. One year after the start of RCT, survival was 72% (34/47) (no encephalopathy, anti-CMV-IgG+) or 68% (34/50) (no encephalopathy, anti-CMV-IgG-) versus 38% (8/21) (encephalopathy) (p = 0.0034). Conclusions: Symptomatic CMV-encephalopathy all but doubles the mortality of brain cancer patients within one year of RCT, despite antiviral treatment with ganciclovir. These findings heavily underline the importance to identify patients with increased risk profile for developing CMV-encephalopathy before initiating RCT.
Nicole Lydia Goerig; Benjamin Frey; Klaus Korn; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Klaus M Ueberla; Manuel A. Schmidt; Arnd Doerfler; Tobias Engelhorn; Ilker Eyüpoglu; Andreas Merkel; Paul F Ruehle; Florian Putz; Sabine Semrau; Udo S Gaipl; Rainer Fietkau. Study of the impact of cytomegalovirus-encephalopathy on survival of brain cancer patients undergoing treatment with radio(chemo)therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017, 35, 2036 -2036.
AMA StyleNicole Lydia Goerig, Benjamin Frey, Klaus Korn, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Klaus M Ueberla, Manuel A. Schmidt, Arnd Doerfler, Tobias Engelhorn, Ilker Eyüpoglu, Andreas Merkel, Paul F Ruehle, Florian Putz, Sabine Semrau, Udo S Gaipl, Rainer Fietkau. Study of the impact of cytomegalovirus-encephalopathy on survival of brain cancer patients undergoing treatment with radio(chemo)therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017; 35 (15_suppl):2036-2036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole Lydia Goerig; Benjamin Frey; Klaus Korn; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Klaus M Ueberla; Manuel A. Schmidt; Arnd Doerfler; Tobias Engelhorn; Ilker Eyüpoglu; Andreas Merkel; Paul F Ruehle; Florian Putz; Sabine Semrau; Udo S Gaipl; Rainer Fietkau. 2017. "Study of the impact of cytomegalovirus-encephalopathy on survival of brain cancer patients undergoing treatment with radio(chemo)therapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl: 2036-2036.
The influenza season 2014/15 was dominated by drift variants of influenza A(H3N2), which resulted in a reduced vaccine effectiveness. It was not clear if the performance of commercial nucleic-acid-based amplification (NAT) assays for the detection of influenza was affected. The purpose of this study was to perform a real-life evaluation of two commercial NAT assays. During January-April 2015, we tested a total of 665 samples from patients with influenza-like illness using the Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory pathogens 21, a commercial multiplex kit, (cohorts 1 and 2, n = 563 patients) and the Xpert Flu/RSV XC assay (cohort 3, n = 102 patients), a single-use cartridge system. An in-house influenza real-time RT-PCR (cohort 1) and the RealStar Influenza RT-PCR 1.0 Kit (cohort 2 and 3) served as reference tests. Compared to the reference assay, an overall agreement of 95.9 % (cohort 1), 95 % (cohort 2), and 98 % (cohort 3) was achieved. A total of 24 false-negative results were observed using the Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory pathogens 21 kit. No false-negative results occurred using the Xpert Flu/RSV XC assay. The Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory pathogens 21 kit and the Xpert Flu/RSV XC assay had sensitivities of 90.7 % and 100 % and specificities of 100 % and 94.1 %, respectively, compared to the RealStar 1.0 kit. Upon modification of the Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory pathogens 21 kit, the sensitivity increased to 97.3 %. Influenza virus strains circulating during the 2014/15 season reduced the detection sensitivity of a commercial NAT assay, and continuous monitoring of test performance is therefore necessary.
Daniela Huzly; Klaus Korn; Sibylle Bierbaum; Björn Eberle; Valeria Falcone; Antje Knöll; Philipp Steininger; Marcus Panning. Influenza A virus drift variants reduced the detection sensitivity of a commercial multiplex nucleic acid amplification assay in the season 2014/15. Archives of Virology 2016, 161, 2417 -2423.
AMA StyleDaniela Huzly, Klaus Korn, Sibylle Bierbaum, Björn Eberle, Valeria Falcone, Antje Knöll, Philipp Steininger, Marcus Panning. Influenza A virus drift variants reduced the detection sensitivity of a commercial multiplex nucleic acid amplification assay in the season 2014/15. Archives of Virology. 2016; 161 (9):2417-2423.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniela Huzly; Klaus Korn; Sibylle Bierbaum; Björn Eberle; Valeria Falcone; Antje Knöll; Philipp Steininger; Marcus Panning. 2016. "Influenza A virus drift variants reduced the detection sensitivity of a commercial multiplex nucleic acid amplification assay in the season 2014/15." Archives of Virology 161, no. 9: 2417-2423.
E13507 Background: Neurological decline during radio(chemo)therapy of the neurocranium is often attributed to disease-progression or side-effects of radiotherapy. Diagnosis of opportunistic neurotropic infections such as cytomegalovirus-(CMV)-infections is uncommon, even though high-grade gliomas and some brain metastases are known to contain CMV-particles. Methods: 50 patients requiring whole-brain-radiotherapy for brain-metastases (n = 27) or local radio(chemo)therapy of the brain for high-grade gliomas (n = 23) were observed in the prospective observational GLIO-CMV-01-study, aiming to determine whether and at which frequency radiotherapy of the brain was associated CMV-reactivation coinciding with encephalitis-like deterioration. Magnet-resonance-images and blood samples were obtained before, halfway through and at the end of radiotherapy. MRIs were screened for disease-progression or increased intracranial pressure. Blood was tested for anti-CMV-IgM, anti-CMV-IgG and CMV-DNA. Results: 32/50 (64%) patients were positive for anti-CMV-IgG before radio(chemo)therapy. 15 of those 32 (48%) developed viremia during or up to 28 days after treatment. 13 of those 15 (87%) required treatment for CMV-associated-encephalopathy. None of the patients negative for anti-CMV-IgG developed viremia, suggesting a reactivation rather than a primary infection. In the endangered group of anti-CMV-IgG+ patients, age > 65 (p = 0.004) and the amount of dexamethasone taken during radio(chemo)therapy (p = 0.004) were associated with an increased risk for CMV-associated-encephalopathy. 150 days after the start of radio(chemo)therapy survival was 74% (14/19) (no encephalopathy) versus 54% (7/13) (encephalopathy) (OR 0.42, CI 95% 0.03-1.86, p = 0.25). Conclusions: CMV-reactivation frequently causes encephalopathy during radio(chemo)therapy of the brain. The unexpected high incidence of this infection makes it highly clinically relevant for every treating physician.
Nicole Lydia Goerig; Benjamin Frey; Klaus Korn; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Klaus M Ueberla; Manuel A Schmidt; Arnd Doerfler; Tobias Engelhorn; Ilker Eyupoglus; Paul F Ruehle; Florian Putz; Sabine Semrau; Udo S Gaipl; Rainer Fietkau. Frequent occurrence of therapeutically reversible cmv-associated encephalopathy during radiotherapy of the brain. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2016, 34, e13507 -e13507.
AMA StyleNicole Lydia Goerig, Benjamin Frey, Klaus Korn, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Klaus M Ueberla, Manuel A Schmidt, Arnd Doerfler, Tobias Engelhorn, Ilker Eyupoglus, Paul F Ruehle, Florian Putz, Sabine Semrau, Udo S Gaipl, Rainer Fietkau. Frequent occurrence of therapeutically reversible cmv-associated encephalopathy during radiotherapy of the brain. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2016; 34 (15_suppl):e13507-e13507.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole Lydia Goerig; Benjamin Frey; Klaus Korn; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Klaus M Ueberla; Manuel A Schmidt; Arnd Doerfler; Tobias Engelhorn; Ilker Eyupoglus; Paul F Ruehle; Florian Putz; Sabine Semrau; Udo S Gaipl; Rainer Fietkau. 2016. "Frequent occurrence of therapeutically reversible cmv-associated encephalopathy during radiotherapy of the brain." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 15_suppl: e13507-e13507.
Felix Gövert; Andi Krumbholz; Karsten Witt; Franziska Hopfner; Thorsten Feldkamp; Klaus Korn; Antje Knöll; Olav Jansen; Günther Deuschl; Helmut Fickenscher. HTLV-1 associated myelopathy after renal transplantation. Journal of Clinical Virology 2015, 72, 102 -105.
AMA StyleFelix Gövert, Andi Krumbholz, Karsten Witt, Franziska Hopfner, Thorsten Feldkamp, Klaus Korn, Antje Knöll, Olav Jansen, Günther Deuschl, Helmut Fickenscher. HTLV-1 associated myelopathy after renal transplantation. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015; 72 ():102-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Gövert; Andi Krumbholz; Karsten Witt; Franziska Hopfner; Thorsten Feldkamp; Klaus Korn; Antje Knöll; Olav Jansen; Günther Deuschl; Helmut Fickenscher. 2015. "HTLV-1 associated myelopathy after renal transplantation." Journal of Clinical Virology 72, no. : 102-105.
Holger F. Rabenau; Norbert Bannert; Annemarie Berger; Oliver Donoso Mantke; Josef Eberle; Martin Enders; Helmut Fickenscher; Hans-Peter Grunert; Lutz Gürtler; Albert Heim; Daniela Huzly; Rolf Kaiser; Klaus Korn; Sigrid Nick; Claudia Kücherer; Micha Nübling; Martin Obermeier; Marcus Panning; Heinz Zeichhardt. Erratum zu: Nachweis einer Infektion mit Humanem Immundefizienzvirus (HIV): Serologisches Screening mit nachfolgender Bestätigungsdiagnostik durch Antikörper-basierte Testsysteme und/oder durch HIV-Nukleinsäure-Nachweis. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 2015, 58, 1025 -1025.
AMA StyleHolger F. Rabenau, Norbert Bannert, Annemarie Berger, Oliver Donoso Mantke, Josef Eberle, Martin Enders, Helmut Fickenscher, Hans-Peter Grunert, Lutz Gürtler, Albert Heim, Daniela Huzly, Rolf Kaiser, Klaus Korn, Sigrid Nick, Claudia Kücherer, Micha Nübling, Martin Obermeier, Marcus Panning, Heinz Zeichhardt. Erratum zu: Nachweis einer Infektion mit Humanem Immundefizienzvirus (HIV): Serologisches Screening mit nachfolgender Bestätigungsdiagnostik durch Antikörper-basierte Testsysteme und/oder durch HIV-Nukleinsäure-Nachweis. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2015; 58 (9):1025-1025.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger F. Rabenau; Norbert Bannert; Annemarie Berger; Oliver Donoso Mantke; Josef Eberle; Martin Enders; Helmut Fickenscher; Hans-Peter Grunert; Lutz Gürtler; Albert Heim; Daniela Huzly; Rolf Kaiser; Klaus Korn; Sigrid Nick; Claudia Kücherer; Micha Nübling; Martin Obermeier; Marcus Panning; Heinz Zeichhardt. 2015. "Erratum zu: Nachweis einer Infektion mit Humanem Immundefizienzvirus (HIV): Serologisches Screening mit nachfolgender Bestätigungsdiagnostik durch Antikörper-basierte Testsysteme und/oder durch HIV-Nukleinsäure-Nachweis." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 58, no. 9: 1025-1025.
Holger F Rabenau; Norbert Bannert; Annemarie Berger; Oliver Donoso Mantke; Josef Eberle; Martin Enders; Helmut Fickenscher; Hans-Peter Grunert; Lutz Gürtler; Albert Heim; Daniela Huzly; Rolf Kaiser; Klaus Korn; Sigrid Nick; Claudia Kücherer; Micha Nübling; Martin Obermeier; Marcus Panning; Heinz Zeichhardt. Nachweis einer Infektion mit Humanem Immundefizienzvirus (HIV): Serologisches Screening mit nachfolgender Bestätigungsdiagnostik durch Antikörper-basierte Testsysteme und/oder durch HIV-Nukleinsäure-Nachweis. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 2015, 58, 877 -886.
AMA StyleHolger F Rabenau, Norbert Bannert, Annemarie Berger, Oliver Donoso Mantke, Josef Eberle, Martin Enders, Helmut Fickenscher, Hans-Peter Grunert, Lutz Gürtler, Albert Heim, Daniela Huzly, Rolf Kaiser, Klaus Korn, Sigrid Nick, Claudia Kücherer, Micha Nübling, Martin Obermeier, Marcus Panning, Heinz Zeichhardt. Nachweis einer Infektion mit Humanem Immundefizienzvirus (HIV): Serologisches Screening mit nachfolgender Bestätigungsdiagnostik durch Antikörper-basierte Testsysteme und/oder durch HIV-Nukleinsäure-Nachweis. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2015; 58 (8):877-886.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger F Rabenau; Norbert Bannert; Annemarie Berger; Oliver Donoso Mantke; Josef Eberle; Martin Enders; Helmut Fickenscher; Hans-Peter Grunert; Lutz Gürtler; Albert Heim; Daniela Huzly; Rolf Kaiser; Klaus Korn; Sigrid Nick; Claudia Kücherer; Micha Nübling; Martin Obermeier; Marcus Panning; Heinz Zeichhardt. 2015. "Nachweis einer Infektion mit Humanem Immundefizienzvirus (HIV): Serologisches Screening mit nachfolgender Bestätigungsdiagnostik durch Antikörper-basierte Testsysteme und/oder durch HIV-Nukleinsäure-Nachweis." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 58, no. 8: 877-886.
Protein kinases represent central and multifunctional regulators of a balanced virus-host interaction. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 7 (CDK7) plays crucial regulatory roles in cell cycle and transcription, both connected with the replication of many viruses. Previously, we developed a CDK7 inhibitor, LDC4297, that inhibits CDK7in vitroin the nano-picomolar range. Novel data from a kinome-wide evaluation (>330 kinases profiledin vitro) demonstrate a kinase selectivity. Importantly, we provide first evidence for the antiviral potential of the CDK7 inhibitor LDC4297, i.e., in exerting a block of the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in primary human fibroblasts at nanomolar concentrations (50% effective concentration, 24.5 ± 1.3 nM). As a unique feature compared to approved antiherpesviral drugs, inhibition occurred already at the immediate-early level of HCMV gene expression. The mode of antiviral action was considered multifaceted since CDK7-regulated cellular factors that are supportive of HCMV replication were substantially affected by the inhibitors. An effect of LDC4297 was identified in the interference with HCMV-driven inactivation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a regulatory step generally considered a hallmark of herpesviral replication. In line with this finding, a broad inhibitory activity of the drug could be demonstrated against a selection of human and animal herpesviruses and adenoviruses, whereas other viruses only showed intermediate drug sensitivity. Summarized, the CDK7 inhibitor LDC4297 is a promising candidate for further antiviral drug development, possibly offering new options for a comprehensive approach to antiviral therapy.
Corina Hutterer; Jan Eickhoff; Jens Milbradt; Klaus Korn; Isabel Zeitträger; Hanife Bahsi; Sabrina Wagner; Gunther Zischinsky; Alexander Wolf; Carsten Degenhart; Anke Unger; Matthias Baumann; Bert Klebl; Manfred Marschall. A Novel CDK7 Inhibitor of the Pyrazolotriazine Class Exerts Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity at Nanomolar Concentrations. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2015, 59, 2062 -2071.
AMA StyleCorina Hutterer, Jan Eickhoff, Jens Milbradt, Klaus Korn, Isabel Zeitträger, Hanife Bahsi, Sabrina Wagner, Gunther Zischinsky, Alexander Wolf, Carsten Degenhart, Anke Unger, Matthias Baumann, Bert Klebl, Manfred Marschall. A Novel CDK7 Inhibitor of the Pyrazolotriazine Class Exerts Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity at Nanomolar Concentrations. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015; 59 (4):2062-2071.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorina Hutterer; Jan Eickhoff; Jens Milbradt; Klaus Korn; Isabel Zeitträger; Hanife Bahsi; Sabrina Wagner; Gunther Zischinsky; Alexander Wolf; Carsten Degenhart; Anke Unger; Matthias Baumann; Bert Klebl; Manfred Marschall. 2015. "A Novel CDK7 Inhibitor of the Pyrazolotriazine Class Exerts Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity at Nanomolar Concentrations." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 4: 2062-2071.
The etiology of focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) remains enigmatic in patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy, and an aberrant activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway (mTORC1) was detected in this developmental brain malformation. Recently, the human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E6 has been identified as a potent activator of mTORC1, and HPV16 E6 has been described to persist in balloon cells obtained from surgical FCDIIb specimens. Although this observation was replicated by an independent second report, it contradicts current knowledge of HPV biology. HPV infects the squamous or mucocutaneous epithelium; hematogenic spread into other tissues has not been observed. In addition, brain carcinogenesis has never been reported in FCDIIb patients. Herein, we have tried to confirm 2 previous reports of HPV16 E6 infection using an independent series of 14 surgical specimens with histopathologically confirmed FCDIIb.Snap-frozen FCDIIb specimens were tested for HPV DNA using the primer set for amplification of the complete E6 reading frame of HPV16 and 3 other sets of primers (2 consensus primer sets detecting multiple HPV genotypes, and another primer set specifically used for HPV16). Furthermore, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded histopathological preparations were immunohistochemically analyzed using previously described antibodies directed against the HPV E6 oncoprotein.All 14 FCDIIb specimens were negative for HPV DNA with all 4 primer sets. Antibodies directed against the HPV E6 epitope showed weak labeling of cytoplasm in balloon cells, as previously described in FCDIIb, but also in other cell populations.Our data did not confirm previously reported evidence for HPV16 detection in FCDIIb.
Roland Coras; Klaus Korn; Christian G. Bien; Thilo Kalbhenn; Karl Roessler; Katja Kobow; Johannes Giedl; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Ingmar Blumcke. No evidence for human papillomavirus infection in focal cortical dysplasia IIb. Annals of Neurology 2014, 77, 312 -319.
AMA StyleRoland Coras, Klaus Korn, Christian G. Bien, Thilo Kalbhenn, Karl Roessler, Katja Kobow, Johannes Giedl, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Ingmar Blumcke. No evidence for human papillomavirus infection in focal cortical dysplasia IIb. Annals of Neurology. 2014; 77 (2):312-319.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoland Coras; Klaus Korn; Christian G. Bien; Thilo Kalbhenn; Karl Roessler; Katja Kobow; Johannes Giedl; Bernhard Fleckenstein; Ingmar Blumcke. 2014. "No evidence for human papillomavirus infection in focal cortical dysplasia IIb." Annals of Neurology 77, no. 2: 312-319.
Infektionen mit HIV, dem Erreger der erworbenen Immunschwäche AIDS, sind bei Schwangeren in Deutschland selten. Dennoch sollte allen Schwangeren ein HIV-Test angeboten werden, da sich durch verschiedene Maßnahmen, insbesondere eine antivirale Kombinationstherapie bei infizierten Schwangeren, eine HIV-Übertragung auf den Feten bzw. das Neugeborene fast immer verhindern lässt.
Klaus Korn. AIDS (erworbene Immunschwäche). S2k-Leitlinie - Labordiagnostik schwangerschaftsrelevanter Virusinfektionen 2014, 113 -124.
AMA StyleKlaus Korn. AIDS (erworbene Immunschwäche). S2k-Leitlinie - Labordiagnostik schwangerschaftsrelevanter Virusinfektionen. 2014; ():113-124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlaus Korn. 2014. "AIDS (erworbene Immunschwäche)." S2k-Leitlinie - Labordiagnostik schwangerschaftsrelevanter Virusinfektionen , no. : 113-124.
Wird bei einer Schwangeren eine Hepatitis C festgestellt oder wird eine Patientin mit bekannter Hepatitis-C-Infektion schwanger, so stellen sich verschiedene Fragen. Interventionsmöglichkeiten zur Verhinderung der Mutter-Kind-Übertragung sind nicht etabliert. Ohne besondere Risikofaktoren ist das Übertragungsrisiko jedoch gering und in den meisten Fällen muss man einer HCV-infizierten Schwangeren auch nicht vom Stillen abraten.
Klaus Korn. Hepatitis C. S2k-Leitlinie - Labordiagnostik schwangerschaftsrelevanter Virusinfektionen 2014, 133 -143.
AMA StyleKlaus Korn. Hepatitis C. S2k-Leitlinie - Labordiagnostik schwangerschaftsrelevanter Virusinfektionen. 2014; ():133-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlaus Korn. 2014. "Hepatitis C." S2k-Leitlinie - Labordiagnostik schwangerschaftsrelevanter Virusinfektionen , no. : 133-143.