The integration of optical and wireless networks increases mobility and capacity and decreases costs in access networks. Fibre optic communication can be considered optical communication that combines the methodologies of two communications, and it may be utilised in systems of wired and wireless communication. The solution for many problems is radio over fibre (RoF) because it can control many base stations (BS) that are connected to a central station (CS) with an optical fibre. The received RoF signal head for in a low quality; thus, many factors will result in some problems such as a high bit error rate (BER) and low Q-factor values, and the receiver might not be operating in a high data rate network. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network can offer a solution to these problems where the transmission of different signals can be done with a single-mode fibre. BER should be reduced to assured values, and the Q-factor must be increased. The investigation of WDM-RoF with different lengths of fibre at various channel spacing will be simulated using Optisystem software, and the RoF’s receiver performance is measured and analyzed depending on the acquired BER, the value of the Q-factor, and the height of the opening of the eye diagram. The degradation factors effect such as attenuation and dispersion are significantly limited with the addition of an EDFA amplifier to a Single Mode Fibre (SMF).

Due to the spread of COVID-19 across the world and the increased need for non-contact thermometers to prevent the spread of disease, a new electronic thermometer has been designed and implemented for measuring human body temperature from a distance. This device is currently in use at building entrances to measure the body temperatures of employees, students, and customers. This system is designed using low-cost easy-to-assemble open-source electronic components. The system consists of seven main parts: an Arduino UNO microcontroller, an infrared (IR) thermometer for non-contact temperature measurements (GY-906 MLX90614ESF module), an IR motion sensor (TCRT 5000) for the purpose of contactless initiation of the system, a graphic LCD to display results, a DS3231 clock module for a real-time clock and calendar, and a micro-SD storage board to store device audio instructions.

The optical communication and wireless networks can be integrated to increase the capacity and mobility with decrease the costs in the access networks. Optical communication is considered a Fiber optic communication that can be used for wired and wireless communication. The problems of Fiber optic communication have a solution represented by Radio over fiber (RoF) which can control many base stations (BSs) that connect to a central station (CS) with an optical fiber. The Coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) have concerned a great interest due to the high spectral efficiency and strength to the fiber dispersion, also it can be considered as a promising candidate when used in long haul optical fiber transmission systems. The integration of the wavelength division multiplexing system (WDM) with (CO-OFDM) system for increasing the system performance as well as achieving high data rates. The simulation of WDM-ROF and (WDM-CO-OFDM) with an optisystem simulator to analyze the RF spectrum, spectrum signal visualizers, and constellation diagrams. The proposed of integration of WDM and RoF-OFDM system is to achieve 100 km fiber length using 4QAM sequence bit, and the received power with electrical and optical amplifications by using 10 Gbps data signal.

Nowadays wireless sensor networks (WSNs) became a modern research theme owing to the various applications range in assorted fields. Clustering considered from the more efficient techniques for solving the WSN drawbacks of energy consumption. The grid-based cluster has definitely done its effectiveness, especially for networks with high dynamic, all nodes in the clusters represented and the values of data are collected from sensor nodes by the cluster head (CH). For balancing the energy consumption with network traffic, the (CH) must be exchanged between all sensor nodes and the cluster size ought to be closely determined at different network parts. The most important issues for WSN is developing an energy-efficient algorithm by Grid-based clustering for improving the network lifetime, reduced cost, and increasing the network reliability. The equipment of the sensor nodes attached with limited power sources, the Grid-Based Clustering algorithm (GBC), therefore efficiently employing the energy of the sensor nodes can preserve a prolongation of the network lifetime. The network Performances of the sensor node are largely based on the application of the routing protocols, three routing protocols OLSR, AODV, and DSR in grid-based cluster WSN are evaluated by using Qualnet simulator. The results show DSR outperforms in the range of throughput, and end to end delay, while the AODV can be considered as the best in the package delivery ratio PDR with compared to others.

The use of optical-OFDM systems is mainly restricted by their limited dynamic range as a result of a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and nonlinear distortion (NLD). Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems are mainly deployed for light modulation and mm-wave signals transmission over fiber links. This paper evaluated the performance of RoF links with respect to their external modulation in a bid to highlight the challenges attributable to the various optical system components. The Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) have been used in external modulation; it is a tested modulation scheme for quadrature amplitude modulation QAM (a vector modulation format) where signal subcarriers are generated using an OFDM scheme. Simulation results based on Optisystem 13 software exposes that the receiver performance of the optimum system for achieving has a better Bit Error Rate (BER) and three longest distance as 10, 50, 100 km for 16 QAM-OFDM-RoF system are reached by using optimum receiver launch power.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have an advantage of conversion sun's energy to electrical energy without regulation and lower efficiency due to I-V nonlinear characteristics that exhibits in the PV cells. Essentially, There is a need to maximize power extraction from these cells with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. The performance of MPPT Algorithm involves a presentation of the PV system model with a most suitable method, Perturbation and Observation (P&O). The P&O implementation is done by MATLAB simulating, which covers a PV cell connected to a controlled buck converter by MPPT algorithms. The achievement of the P&O algorithm with a higher efficiency as well as be able to fast MPP tracking at the Constant irradiation condition as well as with variable irradiation.