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The impacts of climate change on human health and wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa are projected to increase in the near future and are of considerable concern
Caradee Wright; Mary Norval. Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1321 .
AMA StyleCaradee Wright, Mary Norval. Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (12):1321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaradee Wright; Mary Norval. 2020. "Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Sub-Saharan Africa." Atmosphere 11, no. 12: 1321.
Skin cancer is a non-communicable disease that has been underexplored in Africa, including Southern Africa. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important, potentially modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. The countries which comprise Southern Africa are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. They differ in population size and composition and experience different levels of solar UVR. Here, the epidemiology and prevalence of skin cancer in Southern African countries are outlined. Information is provided on skin cancer prevention campaigns in these countries, and evidence sought to support recommendations for skin cancer prevention, especially for people with fair skin, or oculocutaneous albinism or HIV-AIDS who are at the greatest risk. Consideration is given to the possible impacts of climate change on skin cancer in Southern Africa and the need for adaptation and human behavioural change is emphasized.
Caradee Y. Wright; D. Jean Du Preez; Danielle A. Millar; Mary Norval. The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1017 .
AMA StyleCaradee Y. Wright, D. Jean Du Preez, Danielle A. Millar, Mary Norval. The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):1017.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaradee Y. Wright; D. Jean Du Preez; Danielle A. Millar; Mary Norval. 2020. "The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 1017.
Climate change is associated with shifts in global weather patterns, especially an increase in ambient temperature, and is deemed a formidable threat to human health. Skin cancer, a non-communicable disease, has been underexplored in relation to a changing climate. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major environmental risk factor for skin cancer. South Africa is situated in the mid-latitudes and experiences relatively high levels of sun exposure with summertime UV Index values greater than 10. The incidence of skin cancer in the population group with fair skin is considered high, with cost implications relating to diagnosis and treatment. Here, the relationship between skin cancer and several environmental factors likely to be affected by climate change in South Africa are discussed including airborne pollutants, solar UVR, ambient temperature and rainfall. Recommended strategies for personal sun protection, such as shade, clothing, sunglasses and sunscreen, may change as human behaviour adapts to a warming climate. Further research and data are required to assess any future impact of climate change on the incidence of skin cancer in South Africa.
Caradee Y. Wright; Mary Norval; Thandi Kapwata; David Jean Du Preez; Bianca Wernecke; Bianca M. Tod; Willem I. Visser. The Incidence of Skin Cancer in Relation to Climate Change in South Africa. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 634 .
AMA StyleCaradee Y. Wright, Mary Norval, Thandi Kapwata, David Jean Du Preez, Bianca Wernecke, Bianca M. Tod, Willem I. Visser. The Incidence of Skin Cancer in Relation to Climate Change in South Africa. Atmosphere. 2019; 10 (10):634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaradee Y. Wright; Mary Norval; Thandi Kapwata; David Jean Du Preez; Bianca Wernecke; Bianca M. Tod; Willem I. Visser. 2019. "The Incidence of Skin Cancer in Relation to Climate Change in South Africa." Atmosphere 10, no. 10: 634.
This review focuses primarily on the beneficial effects for human health of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR stimulates anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive pathways in skin that modulate psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo; suppresses cutaneous lesions of graft-versus-host disease; and regulates some infection and vaccination outcomes. While polymorphic light eruption and the cutaneous photosensitivity of systemic lupus erythematosus are triggered by UVR, polymorphic light eruption also frequently benefits from UVR-induced immunomodulation. For systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, asthma, schizophrenia, autism, and cardiovascular disease, any positive consequences of UVR exposure are more speculative, but could occur through the actions of UVR-induced regulatory cells and mediators, including 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, interleukin-10, and nitric oxide. Reduced UVR exposure is a risk factor for the development of several inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions, including diseases initiated in early life. This suggests that UVR-induced molecules can regulate cell maturation in developing organs.
Prue H. Hart; Mary Norval; Scott N. Byrne; Lesley E. Rhodes. Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Modulation of Human Diseases. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 2019, 14, 55 -81.
AMA StylePrue H. Hart, Mary Norval, Scott N. Byrne, Lesley E. Rhodes. Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Modulation of Human Diseases. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2019; 14 (1):55-81.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrue H. Hart; Mary Norval; Scott N. Byrne; Lesley E. Rhodes. 2019. "Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Modulation of Human Diseases." Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 14, no. 1: 55-81.
Major steps in the pathway leading to the increased risk of skin cancer by the immunosuppression induced by UVR exposure.
Prue H. Hart; Mary Norval. Ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression and its relevance for skin carcinogenesis. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2017, 17, 1872 -1884.
AMA StylePrue H. Hart, Mary Norval. Ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression and its relevance for skin carcinogenesis. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2017; 17 (12):1872-1884.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrue H. Hart; Mary Norval. 2017. "Ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression and its relevance for skin carcinogenesis." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 17, no. 12: 1872-1884.
Sun exposure stimulates vitamin D production in addition to several immunomodulatory pathways. Fifteen perspectives in this themed issue aim to distinguish the contribution of vitamin D-dependent and independent pathways, initiated by UV radiation exposure, to beneficial health outcomes.
Prue H. Hart; Mary Norval; Vivienne E. Reeve. Introduction to the themed issue ‘The health benefits of UV radiation exposure through vitamin D production or non-vitamin D pathways’. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2017, 16, 281 -282.
AMA StylePrue H. Hart, Mary Norval, Vivienne E. Reeve. Introduction to the themed issue ‘The health benefits of UV radiation exposure through vitamin D production or non-vitamin D pathways’. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2017; 16 (3):281-282.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrue H. Hart; Mary Norval; Vivienne E. Reeve. 2017. "Introduction to the themed issue ‘The health benefits of UV radiation exposure through vitamin D production or non-vitamin D pathways’." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 16, no. 3: 281-282.
In this review, reports were retrieved in which vitamin D status, as assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, was measured in South African population groups with varied skin colours and ethnicities. Healthy children and adults were generally vitamin D-sufficient [25(OH)D level >50 nmol/L] but the majority of those aged above 65 years were deficient. A major role for exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in determining 25(OH)D levels was apparent, with the dietary contribution being minor. Limited data exist regarding the impact of recent changes in lifestyles on vitamin D status, such as urbanisation. With regard to disease susceptibility, 11 of 22 relevant publications indicated association between low 25(OH)D levels and disease, with deficiency most notably found in individuals with tuberculosis and HIV-1. Information on the relationship between vitamin D receptor variants and ethnicity, disease or treatment response in the South African population groups demonstrated complex interactions between genetics, epigenetics and the environment. Whether vitamin D plays an important role in protection against the range of diseases that currently constitute a large burden on the health services in South Africa requires further investigation. Only then can accurate advice be given about personal sun exposure or dietary vitamin D supplementation.
Mary Norval; Anna K. Coussens; Robert Wilkinson; Liza Bornman; Robyn M. Lucas; Caradee Y. Wright. Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 1019 .
AMA StyleMary Norval, Anna K. Coussens, Robert Wilkinson, Liza Bornman, Robyn M. Lucas, Caradee Y. Wright. Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (10):1019.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMary Norval; Anna K. Coussens; Robert Wilkinson; Liza Bornman; Robyn M. Lucas; Caradee Y. Wright. 2016. "Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1019.
Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer has led to increased solar UV-B radiation (280–315 nm) at the surface of the Earth. This change is likely to have had an impact on human exposure to UV-B radiation with consequential detrimental and beneficial effects on health, although behavioural changes in society over the past 60 years or so with regard to sun exposure are of considerable importance. The present report concentrates on information published since our previous report in 2007. The adverse effects of UV radiation are primarily on the eye and the skin. While solar UV radiation is a recognised risk factor for some types of cataract and for pterygium, the evidence is less strong, although increasing, for ocular melanoma, and is equivocal at present for age-related macular degeneration. For the skin, the most common harmful outcome is skin cancer, including melanoma and the non-melanoma skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of all three of these tumours has risen significantly over the past five decades, particularly in people with fair skin, and is projected to continue to increase, thus posing a significant world-wide health burden. Overexposure to the sun is the major identified environmental risk factor in skin cancer, in association with various genetic risk factors and immune effects. Suppression of some aspects of immunity follows exposure to UV radiation and the consequences of this modulation for the immune control of infectious diseases, for vaccination and for tumours, are additional concerns. In a common sun allergy (polymorphic light eruption), there is an imbalance in the immune response to UV radiation, resulting in a sun-evoked rash. The major health benefit of exposure to solar UV-B radiation is the production of vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in bone metabolism and is also implicated in protection against a wide range of diseases. Although there is some evidence supporting protective effects for a range of internal cancers, this is not yet conclusive, but strongest for colorectal cancer, at present. A role for vitamin D in protection against several autoimmune diseases has been studied, with the most convincing results to date for multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D is starting to be assessed for its protective properties against several infectious and coronary diseases. Current methods for protecting the eye and the skin from the adverse effects of solar UV radiation are evaluated, including seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and sunglasses, and using sunscreens. Newer possibilities are considered such as creams that repair UV-induced DNA damage, and substances applied topically to the skin or eaten in the diet that protect against some of the detrimental effects of sun exposure. It is difficult to provide easily understandable public health messages regarding “safe” sun exposure, so that the positive effects of vitamin D production are balanced against the negative effects of excessive exposure. The international response to ozone depletion has included the development and deployment of replacement technologies and chemicals. To date, limited evidence suggests that substitutes for the ozone-depleting substances do not have significant effects on human health. In addition to stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change is predicted to affect human health, and potential interactions between these two parameters are considered. These include altering the risk of developing skin tumours, infectious diseases and various skin diseases, in addition to altering the efficiency by which pathogenic microorganisms are inactivated in the environment.
M. Norval; Robyn Lucas; A. P. Cullen; F. R. de Gruijl; J. Longstreth; Y. Takizawa; J. C. van der Leun. The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2011, 10, 199 -225.
AMA StyleM. Norval, Robyn Lucas, A. P. Cullen, F. R. de Gruijl, J. Longstreth, Y. Takizawa, J. C. van der Leun. The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2011; 10 (2):199-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Norval; Robyn Lucas; A. P. Cullen; F. R. de Gruijl; J. Longstreth; Y. Takizawa; J. C. van der Leun. 2011. "The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 10, no. 2: 199-225.
The effect of three different doses of dietary l-selenomethionine (SM) and sodium selenite (SS) on skin selenium (Se) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, Langerhans cell (LC) and mast cell numbers in ultraviolet radiation-B (UVB)-irradiated and unirradiated C3H/HeN mice was determined. After weaning, groups of mice were given Se-deficient, Se-adequate, or Se-high diets. Six weeks later, some animals in each group were exposed to a single UVB dose (acute), while others were exposed three times weekly for the following 40 weeks (chronic). The skin Se content and GPx activity increased in all the Se-supplemented groups, and the latter was not altered by UVB exposure. Generally, the Se-containing diets caused an increase in LC numbers at 6 weeks and a further rise at 40 weeks, but did not prevent the loss induced by acute or chronic UVB radiation. Skin mast cell numbers were highest in animals fed the Se-deficient diet after 6 and 40 weeks. Acute and chronic UVB radiation decreased the mast cell number and dietary Se did not prevent the reduction. While the present study shows that Se plays an important role in governing the number of LCs and mast cells in the skin, no protective effect against the immunomodulating properties of UVB radiation on these cell types was observed. However, this conclusion may only apply to the experimental conditions chosen, and additional studies at different Se dosages and reduced intensities of chronic UVB exposure are required to confirm the results.
Roderick C. McKenzie; Geoff J. Beckett; Steven McLean; John R. Arthur; Joanna C. Macve; Fergus Nicol; A. Forbes Howie; Mary Norval. Differential Effects of Doses and Forms of Dietary Selenium on Immune Cell Numbers in the Skin of Ultraviolet-irradiated and Unirradiated Mice. Biological Trace Element Research 2008, 125, 255 -267.
AMA StyleRoderick C. McKenzie, Geoff J. Beckett, Steven McLean, John R. Arthur, Joanna C. Macve, Fergus Nicol, A. Forbes Howie, Mary Norval. Differential Effects of Doses and Forms of Dietary Selenium on Immune Cell Numbers in the Skin of Ultraviolet-irradiated and Unirradiated Mice. Biological Trace Element Research. 2008; 125 (3):255-267.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoderick C. McKenzie; Geoff J. Beckett; Steven McLean; John R. Arthur; Joanna C. Macve; Fergus Nicol; A. Forbes Howie; Mary Norval. 2008. "Differential Effects of Doses and Forms of Dietary Selenium on Immune Cell Numbers in the Skin of Ultraviolet-irradiated and Unirradiated Mice." Biological Trace Element Research 125, no. 3: 255-267.
Selenium (Se) has protective properties against ultraviolet (UV)-induced changes in skin cells in vitro but little is known about such activity in human subjects. In the present study, seven patients with psoriasis ingested 400 microg of sodium selenite daily during a 4 week course of whole-body narrow-band UVB (TL01) therapy while six more psoriasis patients, similarly irradiated, ingested a placebo. Skin biopsies, collected at the start and end of the phototherapy were analysed for phosphorylated p53, Fas, Bcl-2, Bax and oxidized guaninosine, and for numbers of Langerhans and sunburn cells. Following the TL01 therapy, no significant difference was observed for any of these markers when the Se group was compared with the placebo group of patients, although p53 and Bcl-2 expression decreased in the Se supplemented group.
Bernadette DeSilva; Geoffrey J. Beckett; Steven McLean; John R. Arthur; John A. A. Hunter; Mary Norval; Roddie C. McKenzie. Lack of effect of oral selenite on p53 associated gene expression during TL01 therapy of psoriasis patients. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2007, 23, 98 -100.
AMA StyleBernadette DeSilva, Geoffrey J. Beckett, Steven McLean, John R. Arthur, John A. A. Hunter, Mary Norval, Roddie C. McKenzie. Lack of effect of oral selenite on p53 associated gene expression during TL01 therapy of psoriasis patients. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2007; 23 (2-3):98-100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernadette DeSilva; Geoffrey J. Beckett; Steven McLean; John R. Arthur; John A. A. Hunter; Mary Norval; Roddie C. McKenzie. 2007. "Lack of effect of oral selenite on p53 associated gene expression during TL01 therapy of psoriasis patients." Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 23, no. 2-3: 98-100.
A L Andrady; P J Aucamp; A F Bais; Carlos Ballare; L O Bjorn; J F Bornman; M M Caldwell; A P Cullen; F R De Gruijl; D J Erickson; S D Flint; D P Häder; H S Hamid; M Ilyas; G Kulandaivelu; H D Kumar; Richard Lloyd McKenzie; J Longstreth; Robyn Lucas; Frances Noonan; M Norval; N D Paul; R C Smith; K R Soloman; B Sulzberger; Y Takizawa; X Tang; A Torikai; J C Van Der Leun; S R Wilson; R C Worrest; R G Zepp. Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 2006 assessment: interactions of ozone depletion and climate change : Executive summary. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2007, 6, 212 -217.
AMA StyleA L Andrady, P J Aucamp, A F Bais, Carlos Ballare, L O Bjorn, J F Bornman, M M Caldwell, A P Cullen, F R De Gruijl, D J Erickson, S D Flint, D P Häder, H S Hamid, M Ilyas, G Kulandaivelu, H D Kumar, Richard Lloyd McKenzie, J Longstreth, Robyn Lucas, Frances Noonan, M Norval, N D Paul, R C Smith, K R Soloman, B Sulzberger, Y Takizawa, X Tang, A Torikai, J C Van Der Leun, S R Wilson, R C Worrest, R G Zepp. Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 2006 assessment: interactions of ozone depletion and climate change : Executive summary. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2007; 6 (3):212-217.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA L Andrady; P J Aucamp; A F Bais; Carlos Ballare; L O Bjorn; J F Bornman; M M Caldwell; A P Cullen; F R De Gruijl; D J Erickson; S D Flint; D P Häder; H S Hamid; M Ilyas; G Kulandaivelu; H D Kumar; Richard Lloyd McKenzie; J Longstreth; Robyn Lucas; Frances Noonan; M Norval; N D Paul; R C Smith; K R Soloman; B Sulzberger; Y Takizawa; X Tang; A Torikai; J C Van Der Leun; S R Wilson; R C Worrest; R G Zepp. 2007. "Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 2006 assessment: interactions of ozone depletion and climate change : Executive summary." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 6, no. 3: 212-217.
M Zak-Prelich; R C McKenzie; A Sysa-Jedrzejowska; M Norval. Local immune responses and systemic cytokine responses in zoster: relationship to the development of postherpetic neuralgia. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2003, 131, 1 .
AMA StyleM Zak-Prelich, R C McKenzie, A Sysa-Jedrzejowska, M Norval. Local immune responses and systemic cytokine responses in zoster: relationship to the development of postherpetic neuralgia. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2003; 131 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM Zak-Prelich; R C McKenzie; A Sysa-Jedrzejowska; M Norval. 2003. "Local immune responses and systemic cytokine responses in zoster: relationship to the development of postherpetic neuralgia." Clinical & Experimental Immunology 131, no. 2: 1.
M Zak-Prelich; M Norval; T J Venner; Y Bisset; C Walker; T S Rafferty; D N Sauder; R C McKenzie. cis-Urocanic acid does not induce the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines in murine keratinocytes. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2001, 73, 1 .
AMA StyleM Zak-Prelich, M Norval, T J Venner, Y Bisset, C Walker, T S Rafferty, D N Sauder, R C McKenzie. cis-Urocanic acid does not induce the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines in murine keratinocytes. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2001; 73 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM Zak-Prelich; M Norval; T J Venner; Y Bisset; C Walker; T S Rafferty; D N Sauder; R C McKenzie. 2001. "cis-Urocanic acid does not induce the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines in murine keratinocytes." Photochemistry and Photobiology 73, no. 3: 1.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is common throughout the world and is a target for vaccine development. Transcutaneous immunisation is a novel technique that uses the application of vaccine antigens in solution on the skin in the presence of cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. This study investigated the potential of transcutaneous immunisation in C3H mice, using CT co-administered with whole inactivated HSV-1 (CT+HSVi) or HSV-1 antigens extracted from infected Vero cells (CT+HSVag) or a control protein (CT+BSA). The application of any of the three vaccines on to bare mouse skin resulted in the migration of Langerhans cells from the epidermis and in the production of serum antibodies to CT. Both HSV preparations generated serum and mucosal (faecal) antibodies to HSV, with the CT+HSVi vaccine being a more potent stimulator of humoral immunity. The CT+HSVag vaccine, however, was the more potent stimulator of cell-mediated immunity, giving rise to a strong delayed type hypersensitivity response and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. When the mice were challenged by epidermal inoculation of HSV, the CT+HSVag vaccine induced a higher level of protection than the CT+HSVi vaccine, a result which may indicate that the efficacy of HSV vaccines depends on stimulation of cell-mediated rather than humoral responses. The success of topical vaccination suggests that the transcutaneous route may offer a promising potential for novel vaccine delivery which merits further investigation.
Ali A El-Ghorr; Rhodri M Williams; Caroline Heap; Mary Norval. Transcutaneous immunisation with herpes simplex virus stimulates immunity in mice. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 2000, 29, 255 -261.
AMA StyleAli A El-Ghorr, Rhodri M Williams, Caroline Heap, Mary Norval. Transcutaneous immunisation with herpes simplex virus stimulates immunity in mice. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. 2000; 29 (4):255-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli A El-Ghorr; Rhodri M Williams; Caroline Heap; Mary Norval. 2000. "Transcutaneous immunisation with herpes simplex virus stimulates immunity in mice." FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 29, no. 4: 255-261.
Ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation suppresses cell-mediated immunity and may lead to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Limited evidence suggests that exposure promotes a T helper (Th) 2 type of cytokine response with abrogation of a Th1 response. Several putative mediators of UV-induced immunosuppression have been identified, of which interleukin-4 (IL-4), an example of a Th2 cytokine, is one. Primary and secondary epidermal infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 in IL-4 knockout (IL-4-/-) mice and the parent strain Bb 129 strain (IL-4+/+) were investigated using clinical features, phenotyping of cells from lymph nodes draining the sites of infection and lymphoproliferation assays. The IL-4-/- mice were more susceptible to both primary and secondary HSV infections than the parent mice. The percentage of lymph node dendritic cells (DC) expressing Ia was 45 in the IL-4+/+ mice but only 18 in the IL-4-/- strain, and the lymph node cells from infected IL-4-/- mice were less able to respond in vitro to HSV than those from the parent strain. Following suberythemal UV-B irradiation, more severe primary and secondary lesions resulted in both strains. There were fewer lymph node DC expressing Ia in both strains and this change was accompanied by suppression of the lymphoproliferation induced by HSV which was due to an effect on DC function rather than on the proliferative ability of the responding lymphocytes. UV-B exposure had no effect on ICAM-1 or B7.2 expression on the DC. Thus IL-4 seems to protect mice against HSV infection, and no evidence was obtained for the involvement of IL-4 in the UV-induced immunomodulation which results in more severe cutaneous HSV infections.
A. A. El-Ghorr; M. Norval. The effect of UV-B irradiation on primary and secondary HSV-1 infections in interleukin-4 knockout mice. Archives of Dermatological Research 1999, 291, 459 -465.
AMA StyleA. A. El-Ghorr, M. Norval. The effect of UV-B irradiation on primary and secondary HSV-1 infections in interleukin-4 knockout mice. Archives of Dermatological Research. 1999; 291 (7):459-465.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. A. El-Ghorr; M. Norval. 1999. "The effect of UV-B irradiation on primary and secondary HSV-1 infections in interleukin-4 knockout mice." Archives of Dermatological Research 291, no. 7: 459-465.
Exposure to UV light has, besides some beneficial effects (vitamin D production), many harmful effects on human health. UVB irradiation has been shown to suppress both systemic and local immune responses to a variety of antigens, including some microorganisms. However, it is still not known whether such immunomodulating effects may lead to an increase in the number and severity of certain tumours and/or infections in humans. We report herein the data provided by a project that was funded by the European Union (Programme Environment), and that was aimed at the estimation of the risk associated with increased UVB exposure due to ozone depletion regarding the deleterious effects on the immune system and related resistance to tumours and infections in humans. The data, obtained by the different research groups involved, were assembled and used to calculate for the first time a risk assessment for increased environmental exposure to UVB in human subjects.
J. Garssen; M. Norval; A. El-Ghorr; N.K. Gibbs; C.D. Jones; D. Cerimele; C. De Simone; S. Caffieri; F. Dall'acqua; F.R. De Gruijl; Y. Sontag; H. Van Loveren. Estimation of the effect of increasing UVB exposure on the human immune system and related resistance to infectious diseases and tumours. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 1998, 42, 167 -179.
AMA StyleJ. Garssen, M. Norval, A. El-Ghorr, N.K. Gibbs, C.D. Jones, D. Cerimele, C. De Simone, S. Caffieri, F. Dall'acqua, F.R. De Gruijl, Y. Sontag, H. Van Loveren. Estimation of the effect of increasing UVB exposure on the human immune system and related resistance to infectious diseases and tumours. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 1998; 42 (3):167-179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Garssen; M. Norval; A. El-Ghorr; N.K. Gibbs; C.D. Jones; D. Cerimele; C. De Simone; S. Caffieri; F. Dall'acqua; F.R. De Gruijl; Y. Sontag; H. Van Loveren. 1998. "Estimation of the effect of increasing UVB exposure on the human immune system and related resistance to infectious diseases and tumours." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 42, no. 3: 167-179.
A A El-Ghorr; G Horsburgh; M Norval. The effect of UVB irradiation on antibody responses during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections of mice. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 1998, 14, 1 .
AMA StyleA A El-Ghorr, G Horsburgh, M Norval. The effect of UVB irradiation on antibody responses during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections of mice. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 1998; 14 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA A El-Ghorr; G Horsburgh; M Norval. 1998. "The effect of UVB irradiation on antibody responses during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections of mice." Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 14, no. 1: 1.
Ali A. El-Ghorr; A. Harvey Proctor; Mary Norval. Interleukin 4 and ultraviolet light induced immunosuppression. Biochemical Society Transactions 1997, 25, 293S -293S.
AMA StyleAli A. El-Ghorr, A. Harvey Proctor, Mary Norval. Interleukin 4 and ultraviolet light induced immunosuppression. Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997; 25 (2):293S-293S.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli A. El-Ghorr; A. Harvey Proctor; Mary Norval. 1997. "Interleukin 4 and ultraviolet light induced immunosuppression." Biochemical Society Transactions 25, no. 2: 293S-293S.
Trans-urocanic acid (trans-UCA) accumulates in the upper layers of the epidermis and can be isomerized to cis-UCA by UV light irradiation. Cis-urocanic acid possesses immunosuppressive properties that have led to its consideration as one of the initiators of UV-induced immunosuppression. High quantities of cis-UCA persist in human skin for prolonged periods in the summer months. In the present study, mice were injected intradermally with trans-UCA and cis-UCA three times a week for 4 weeks in order to ascertain the long-term effects of the presence of these compounds in the skin. The weight of mice and of their spleens were unaffected by the cis- or trans-UCA treatment. A decrease in thymus weight, accompanied by an increase in lymph node weight, was detected in the cis-UCA-treated mice compared with trans-UCA-treated mice and untreated controls. A net accumulation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC) in lymph nodes was evident following cis-UCA treatment but the percentage of both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes as well as Ia+ DC remained constant among the different treatment groups, indicating that there was no specific migration or proliferation of a particular subset of cells. The in vitro lymphoproliferative response of lymph node cells to the mitogen concanavalin A was significantly sup pressed by cis-UCA treatment. The density of Langerhans cells in the epidermis of the ears was not altered by the chronic cis-UCA treatment. However, chronic cis-UCA treatment did suppress the mixed skin lymphocyte reaction response utilizing epidermal cells from the ears (an uninjected area of skin), indicating a systemic suppression. Compared with trans-UCA treatment, chronic cis-UCA treatment did not cause a significant reduction in the contact hypersensitivity response to oxazolone or the delayed hypersensitivity response to herpes simplex virus. Thus, chronic treatment with cis-UCA led to the suppression of some, but not all, of the immune parameters that are affected by UVB irradiation.
Ali A. El-Ghorr; Mary Norval. The Effect of Chronic Treatment of Mice with Urocanic Acid Isomers. Photochemistry and Photobiology 1997, 65, 866 -872.
AMA StyleAli A. El-Ghorr, Mary Norval. The Effect of Chronic Treatment of Mice with Urocanic Acid Isomers. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1997; 65 (5):866-872.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli A. El-Ghorr; Mary Norval. 1997. "The Effect of Chronic Treatment of Mice with Urocanic Acid Isomers." Photochemistry and Photobiology 65, no. 5: 866-872.
K E Halliday; R C McKenzie; M Norval. Expression of interleukin-10 mRNA in herpes simplex virus-infected keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro. Biochemical Society Transactions 1997, 25, 1 .
AMA StyleK E Halliday, R C McKenzie, M Norval. Expression of interleukin-10 mRNA in herpes simplex virus-infected keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro. Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997; 25 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK E Halliday; R C McKenzie; M Norval. 1997. "Expression of interleukin-10 mRNA in herpes simplex virus-infected keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro." Biochemical Society Transactions 25, no. 2: 1.