Stem cell treatment is emerging as an appealing alternative for stroke patients, but there still needs to be an agreement on the protocols in place, including the route of administration. This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the administration routes of stem cell treatment for ischemic stroke. A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken using the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. A total of 21 publications on stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke were included. Efficacy outcomes were measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the Barthel index (BI). Intracerebral administration showed a better outcome than other routes, but a greater number of adverse events followed due to its invasiveness. Adverse events were shown to be related to the natural history of stroke not to the treatment. However, further investigation is required, since studies have yet to compare the different administration methods directly.

Background: Several reports on stem cell administration have emerged proving it to be an ideal therapeutic approach for improving neurological functions in ischemic stroke patients. However, some studies also show disappointing results, with some reporting no statistically significant improvements among several different parameters. Several challenges also arise relating to safety and nonscientific aspects, such as ethics. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy on the clinical outcomes of ischemic stroke patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Articles were selected systematically based on the PRISMA protocol and reviewed completely. A total of 19 publications pertaining to stem cell therapy on the ischemic route were included and reviewed. Efficacy outcomes were measured with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, or Barthel Index. Results: The results of the meta-analysis indicate that the efficacy outcomes suggest favorable results after stem cell therapy, although not all study results are statistically significant. Stem cell therapy in stroke cases showed a better outcome than standard conservative therapy alone, although our analysis shows that many factors can influence this outcome, and significant effects can only be seen after several months. Conclusion: The results of this study show promising and satisfying efficacy and a relatively low rate of serious adverse events.

Background: Every day in the world, around 810 mothers have died from preventable causes. The causes of delay in maternal referral care were analyzed using the Three Delay Model (Thaddeus & Maine, 1994) and the determinants of maternal mortality (McCarthy & Maine, 1992). Purpose: To describe the factors that causing delays in seeking care for maternal referrals. Methods: This is a systematic review study of articles published between 2010 and 2020 based on database from ScienceDirect, Scopus, SageJournals, and Google Scholar. Nine articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included as samples for further review. The results regarding the factors causing late referral are described and explained in narrative form. Results: First delay (8 articles), Second delay (5 articles), Third delay (4 articles), mother’s education (6 articles), mother's income and occupations (2 articles), women's empowerment (6 articles), family status in society (4 articles), community status (3 articles), and cultural influences (7 articles) studies are acquired. Conclusions: The previous delay will affect the next delay and the problem of delay in seeking health care is in decision-making which mostly found in upper-middle countries, the causes of cultural factors which also causing the delay in referrals, followed by the socioeconomic influence that most widely discussed are maternal education and women's empowerment, the problem which is also most commonly found in upper-middle-income countries.

Background and aims: Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and a causative agent of amoebiasis which is a common life-threatening parasitic disease. This study was intended to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica and to provide the primary data about its infections among the patients attending Nyanza District Hospital in Rwanda. Methods: Bottles were used to collect 138 stool specimens from patients. All the samples were physically analyzed based on their colors, states, and the presence of blood or mucus. The wet preparation method and zinc sulphate floatation technique were used to concentrate the parasites. Microscopic analysis was done to examine the presence of cysts and trophozoites. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS using chi-square test and independent t test. Results: The prevalence of E. histolytica was 15.94%. The sex distribution of infections revealed that males (21.54%) were more infected than females (10.95%). The highest prevalence of E. histolytica was found in the age group of 1-19 years old (27.11%) and the lowest prevalence was observed in the age group of 20-39 years old (6.89%). A prevalence of 33.33% was reported among the people who directly drink tap water and 40% of infections among the patients who did not wash their hands before eating and after using latrines. Conclusion: Overall, E. histolytica is still considered as a health burden in Nyanza District Hospital. Therefore, it is vital to control direct exposure to its risk factors for mitigating the occurrence of amoebiasis.

Highlight: Pediatric tuberculosis patients profile using the medical records was determined.The most pediatric tuberculosis patients under five years have pulmonary tuberculosis.Pediatric tuberculosis patients received BCG immunization had a contact with adult tuberculosis patients histories. The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia is 391 per 100,000 population with the number of deaths around 110,000 cases in 2016. This study is descriptive research that aims to determine the profile of pediatric TB patients using the medical records at Taman public health center the period 2016-2019 with a total sampling technique. The sample in this study were 31 pediatric patients aged 0-14 years with a history of TB. Pediatric TB patients aged >5 years (58.1%) and who aged ≤5 years (41.9%). Pediatric TB patients had pulmonary tuberculosis (83.9%) and those who had extrapulmonary tuberculosis (16.1%). Pediatric TB patients aged ≤5 years had good nutritional status (32%) and who had poor nutritional status (27.2%). Meanwhile, pediatric TB patients aged >5 years had poor nutritional status (22.7%) and who had good nutritional status (18.1%). Pediatric TB patients who had a history of contact with adult TB patients (86.7%) and who did not have a history of contact with adult TB patients (13.3%). Pediatric TB patients who had received BCG immunization (86.2%) and who had not received BCG immunization (13.8%). This study concludes that most pediatric TB patients are >5 years old, almost all pediatric TB patients have pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatric TB patients aged ≤5 years are more likely to have good nutrition. Meanwhile, there were more pediatric TB patients aged >5 years who had poor nutritional status. Almost all pediatric TB patients had a history of contact with adult TB patients and had received BCG immunization.

Background: Breastmilk is the best food that a mother can give to her baby from birth until the first 6 months of life to support growth and development during the first 1000 days of life. The success of exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by several factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the support of family and mother to support exclusive breastfeeding. Method: This research method is cross sectional with a retrospective study design. The number of samples was 48. The independent variables were family and psychological assistance from the mother. The successful variable is exclusive breastfeeding. The research instrument used was a questionnaire. Data analysis using Fisher Exact statistical tests. Results: The results showed that there is no influence between family support and psychological of mother on the success of exclusive breastfeeding. Fisher Exact trial results related to family support for exclusive breastfeeding showed p = 0.339 (p> 0.05), psychological motivation of mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding showed p = 0.167 (p> 0.05). Conclusion: This data shows inappropriate between family support and psychological mother to exclusive breastfeeding.