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Dr. Nancy Grimm
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

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Journal article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Urban resilience has gained considerable popularity in planning and policy to address cities’ capacity to cope with climate change. While many studies discuss the different ways that academics define resilience, little attention has been given to how resilience is conceptualized across different urban contexts and among the actors that engage in building resilience ‘on the ground’. Given the implications that resilience frames can have for the solutions that are pursued (and who benefits from them), it is important to examine how transformative definitions of urban resilience are in practice. In this paper, we use data from a survey of nine US and Latin American and Caribbean cities to explore how the concept is framed across multiple governance sectors, including governmental, non-governmental, business, research, and hybrid organizations. We examine these framings in light of recent conceptual developments and tensions found in the literature. The results highlight that, in general across the nine cities, framings converge with definitions of resilience as the ability to resist, cope with, or bounce back to previous conditions, whereas sustainability, equity, and social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) perspectives are rarely associated with resilience. There are noticeable differences across cities and governance actors that point to geographic and political variation in the way resilience is conceptualized. We unpack these differences and discuss their implications for resilience research and practice moving forward. We argue that if resilience is going to remain a major goal for city policies into the future, it needs to be conceived in a more transformative, anticipatory, and equitable way, and acknowledge interconnected SETS.

ACS Style

Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson; Sara Meerow; Robert Hobbins; Elizabeth Cook; David M. Iwaniec; Marta Berbés-Blázquez; Nancy B. Grimm; Allain Barnett; Jan Cordero; Changdeok Gim; Thaddeus R. Miller; Fernando Tandazo-Bustamante; Agustín Robles-Morua. Beyond bouncing back? Comparing and contesting urban resilience frames in US and Latin American contexts. Landscape and Urban Planning 2021, 214, 104173 .

AMA Style

Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson, Sara Meerow, Robert Hobbins, Elizabeth Cook, David M. Iwaniec, Marta Berbés-Blázquez, Nancy B. Grimm, Allain Barnett, Jan Cordero, Changdeok Gim, Thaddeus R. Miller, Fernando Tandazo-Bustamante, Agustín Robles-Morua. Beyond bouncing back? Comparing and contesting urban resilience frames in US and Latin American contexts. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021; 214 ():104173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson; Sara Meerow; Robert Hobbins; Elizabeth Cook; David M. Iwaniec; Marta Berbés-Blázquez; Nancy B. Grimm; Allain Barnett; Jan Cordero; Changdeok Gim; Thaddeus R. Miller; Fernando Tandazo-Bustamante; Agustín Robles-Morua. 2021. "Beyond bouncing back? Comparing and contesting urban resilience frames in US and Latin American contexts." Landscape and Urban Planning 214, no. : 104173.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 29 June 2021 in Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability
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In many disciplines, the resilience concept has applied to managing perturbations, challenges, or shocks in the system and designing an adaptive system. In particular, resilient infrastructure systems have been recognized as an alternative to traditional infrastructure, in which the systems are managed to be more reliable against unforeseen and unknown threats in urban areas. Perhaps owing to the malleable and multidisciplinary nature in the concept of resilience, there is no clear-cut standard that measures and characterizes infrastructure resilience nor how to implement the concept in practice for developing urban infrastructure systems. As a result, unavoidable subjective interpretation of the concept by practitioners and decision-makers occurs in the real world. We demonstrate the subjective perspectives on infrastructure resilience by asking practitioners working in governmental institutions within the metropolitan Phoenix area based on their interpretations of resilience, using Q-methodology. We asked practitioners to prioritize 19 key strategies for infrastructure resilience found in literature in three different decision contexts and recognized six discourses by analyzing the shared or discrete views of the practitioners. We conclude that, from the diverse perspectives on infrastructure resilience observed in this study, practitioners' interpretation of resilience adds value to theoretical resilience concepts found in the literature by revealing why and how different resilience strategies are preferred and applied in practice.

ACS Style

Yeowon Kim; Nancy B Grimm; Mikhail V Chester; Charles L. Redman. Capturing practitioner perspectives on infrastructure resilience using Q-methodology. Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability 2021, 1, 025002 .

AMA Style

Yeowon Kim, Nancy B Grimm, Mikhail V Chester, Charles L. Redman. Capturing practitioner perspectives on infrastructure resilience using Q-methodology. Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability. 2021; 1 (2):025002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeowon Kim; Nancy B Grimm; Mikhail V Chester; Charles L. Redman. 2021. "Capturing practitioner perspectives on infrastructure resilience using Q-methodology." Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability 1, no. 2: 025002.

Editorial
Published: 30 March 2021 in Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists
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ACS Style

Michael E. Wysession; Nancy Grimm; Eileen E. Hofmann; Tissa H. Illangasekare; William K. Peterson; Eric Rignot; Renyi Zhang. Thank You to Our 2020 Reviewers. Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists 2021, 2, 1 .

AMA Style

Michael E. Wysession, Nancy Grimm, Eileen E. Hofmann, Tissa H. Illangasekare, William K. Peterson, Eric Rignot, Renyi Zhang. Thank You to Our 2020 Reviewers. Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists. 2021; 2 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Wysession; Nancy Grimm; Eileen E. Hofmann; Tissa H. Illangasekare; William K. Peterson; Eric Rignot; Renyi Zhang. 2021. "Thank You to Our 2020 Reviewers." Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists 2, no. 1: 1.

Comment
Published: 23 February 2021 in npj Urban Sustainability
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Key insights on needs in urban regional governance - Global urbanization (the increasing concentration in urban settlements of the increasing world population), is a driver and accelerator of shifts in diversity, new cross-scale interactions, decoupling from ecological processes, increasing risk and exposure to shocks. Responding to the challenges of urbanization demands fresh commitments to a city–regional perspective in ways that are explictly embedded in the Anthopocene bio- techno- and noospheres, to extend existing understanding of the city–nature nexus and regional scale. Three key dimensions of cities that constrain or enable constructive, cross scale responses to disturbances and extreme events include 1) shifting diversity, 2) shifting connectivity and modularity, and 3) shifting complexity. These three dimensions are characteristic of current urban processes and offer potential intervention points for local to global action.

ACS Style

T. Elmqvist; E. Andersson; T. McPhearson; X. Bai; L. Bettencourt; E. Brondizio; J. Colding; G. Daily; C. Folke; N. Grimm; D. Haase; D. Ospina; S. Parnell; S. Polasky; K. C. Seto; S. Van Der Leeuw. Urbanization in and for the Anthropocene. npj Urban Sustainability 2021, 1, 1 -6.

AMA Style

T. Elmqvist, E. Andersson, T. McPhearson, X. Bai, L. Bettencourt, E. Brondizio, J. Colding, G. Daily, C. Folke, N. Grimm, D. Haase, D. Ospina, S. Parnell, S. Polasky, K. C. Seto, S. Van Der Leeuw. Urbanization in and for the Anthropocene. npj Urban Sustainability. 2021; 1 (1):1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Elmqvist; E. Andersson; T. McPhearson; X. Bai; L. Bettencourt; E. Brondizio; J. Colding; G. Daily; C. Folke; N. Grimm; D. Haase; D. Ospina; S. Parnell; S. Polasky; K. C. Seto; S. Van Der Leeuw. 2021. "Urbanization in and for the Anthropocene." npj Urban Sustainability 1, no. 1: 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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As urban populations continue to grow through the 21st century, more people are projected to be at risk of exposure to climate change-induced extreme events. To investigate the complexity of urban floods, this study applied an interlinked social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) vulnerability framework by developing an urban flood vulnerability index for six US cities. Indicators were selected to reflect and illustrate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to flooding for each of the three domains of SETS. We quantified 18 indicators and normalized them by the cities’ 500-yr floodplain area at the census block group level. Clusters of flood vulnerable areas were identified differently by each SETS domain, and some areas were vulnerable to floods in more than one domain. Results are provided to support decision-making for reducing risks to flooding, by considering social, ecological, and technological vulnerability as well as hotspots where multiple sources of vulnerability coexist. The spatially explicit urban SETS flood vulnerability framework can be transferred to other regions facing challenging urban floods and other types of environmental hazards. Mapping SETS flood vulnerability helps to reveal intersections of complex SETS interactions and inform policy-making for building more resilient cities in the face of extreme events and climate change impacts.

ACS Style

Heejun Chang; Arun Pallathadka; Jason Sauer; Nancy B. Grimm; Rae Zimmerman; Chingwen Cheng; David M. Iwaniec; Yeowon Kim; Robert Lloyd; Timon McPhearson; Bernice Rosenzweig; Tiffany Troxler; Claire Welty; Ryan Brenner; Pablo Herreros-Cantis. Assessment of urban flood vulnerability using the social-ecological-technological systems framework in six US cities. Sustainable Cities and Society 2021, 68, 102786 .

AMA Style

Heejun Chang, Arun Pallathadka, Jason Sauer, Nancy B. Grimm, Rae Zimmerman, Chingwen Cheng, David M. Iwaniec, Yeowon Kim, Robert Lloyd, Timon McPhearson, Bernice Rosenzweig, Tiffany Troxler, Claire Welty, Ryan Brenner, Pablo Herreros-Cantis. Assessment of urban flood vulnerability using the social-ecological-technological systems framework in six US cities. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021; 68 ():102786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heejun Chang; Arun Pallathadka; Jason Sauer; Nancy B. Grimm; Rae Zimmerman; Chingwen Cheng; David M. Iwaniec; Yeowon Kim; Robert Lloyd; Timon McPhearson; Bernice Rosenzweig; Tiffany Troxler; Claire Welty; Ryan Brenner; Pablo Herreros-Cantis. 2021. "Assessment of urban flood vulnerability using the social-ecological-technological systems framework in six US cities." Sustainable Cities and Society 68, no. : 102786.

Article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Ecological Monographs
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Increased nitrogen (N) deposition threatens global biodiversity, but its effects in arid urban ecosystems are not well studied. In addition to altered N availability, urban environments also experience increases in other pollutants, decreased population connectivity, and altered biotic interactions, which can further impact biodiversity. In deserts, annual plant communities make up most of the plant diversity, support wildlife, and contribute to nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes. Functional tradeoffs allowing coexistence of a diversity of annual plant species are well established, but maintenance of diversity in urban conditions and with increased availability of limiting nutrients has not been explored. We conducted a 13‐year N and phosphorus (P) addition experiment in Sonoran Desert preserves in and around Phoenix, AZ, to test how nutrient availability interacts with growing season precipitation, urban location, and microhabitat to affect winter annual plant diversity. Using structural equation modeling and generalized linear mixed modeling, we found that annual plant taxonomic diversity was significantly reduced in N‐enriched and urban plots. Water availability in both current and previous growing seasons impacted annual plant diversity, with significant interaction effects showing increased diversity in wetter years and greater responsiveness of the community to water following a wet year. However, there were no significant interactions between N enrichment and water availability, urban location, or microhabitat. Lowered diversity in urban preserves may be partly attributable to increased urban N deposition. Changes in biodiversity of showy species like annual wildflowers in urban preserves can have important implications for connections between urban residents and nature, and reduced diversity and community restructuring with N enrichment represents a challenge for future preservation of aridland biodiversity.

ACS Style

Megan M. Wheeler; Scott L. Collins; Nancy B. Grimm; Elizabeth M. Cook; Christopher Clark; Ryan A. Sponseller; Sharon J. Hall. Water and nitrogen shape winter annual plant diversity and community composition in near‐urban Sonoran Desert preserves. Ecological Monographs 2021, 91, 1 .

AMA Style

Megan M. Wheeler, Scott L. Collins, Nancy B. Grimm, Elizabeth M. Cook, Christopher Clark, Ryan A. Sponseller, Sharon J. Hall. Water and nitrogen shape winter annual plant diversity and community composition in near‐urban Sonoran Desert preserves. Ecological Monographs. 2021; 91 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Megan M. Wheeler; Scott L. Collins; Nancy B. Grimm; Elizabeth M. Cook; Christopher Clark; Ryan A. Sponseller; Sharon J. Hall. 2021. "Water and nitrogen shape winter annual plant diversity and community composition in near‐urban Sonoran Desert preserves." Ecological Monographs 91, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Earth's Future
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Infrastructure must be resilient to both known and unknown disturbances. In the past, resilient infrastructure design efforts have tended to focus on principles of robustness and recovery against projected failures. This framing has developed independently from resilience principles in biological and ecological systems. As such, there are open questions as to whether the approaches of natural systems that lead to adaptation and transformation are relevant to engineered systems. To improve engineered system resilience, infrastructure managers may benefit from considering and applying a set of ‘Life's Principles’ – design principles and patterns drawn from the field of biomimicry. Nature has long withstood disturbances within and beyond previous experience. Infrastructure resilience theory and practice are assessed against Life's Principles identifying alignments, contradictions, contentions, and gaps. Resilient infrastructure theory, which emphasizes a need for flexible and agile infrastructure, aligns well with Life's Principles, addressing each principle and most sub‐principles (excluding ‘breakdown products into benign components’ and ‘do chemistry in water’). Meanwhile, resilient infrastructure practice only occasionally aligns with Life's Principles and contradicts five out of six principles. As resilience theory advances, Life's Principles offer support in broadening how infrastructure managers approach resilience, and by using biomimicry, infrastructure managers can be better equipped to deploy resilience for complexity and uncertainty.

ACS Style

Alysha M. Helmrich; Mikhail V. Chester; Samantha Hayes; Samuel A. Markolf; Cheryl Desha; Nancy B. Grimm. Using Biomimicry to Support Resilient Infrastructure Design. Earth's Future 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Alysha M. Helmrich, Mikhail V. Chester, Samantha Hayes, Samuel A. Markolf, Cheryl Desha, Nancy B. Grimm. Using Biomimicry to Support Resilient Infrastructure Design. Earth's Future. 2020; 8 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alysha M. Helmrich; Mikhail V. Chester; Samantha Hayes; Samuel A. Markolf; Cheryl Desha; Nancy B. Grimm. 2020. "Using Biomimicry to Support Resilient Infrastructure Design." Earth's Future 8, no. 12: 1.

Special issue perspective
Published: 13 July 2020 in Evolutionary Applications
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Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between natural and social processes. Characteristics of human society – including culture, economics, technology, and politics – underlie social patterns and activity, creating a heterogeneous environment that can influence and be influenced by both ecological and evolutionary processes. Increasing interest in urban ecology and evolutionary biology has coincided with growing interest in eco‐evolutionary dynamics, which encompasses the interactions and reciprocal feedbacks between evolution and ecology. Research on both urban evolutionary biology and eco‐evolutionary dynamics frequently focuses on contemporary evolution of species that have potentially substantial ecological – and even social – significance. Still, little research fully integrates urban evolutionary biology and eco‐evolutionary dynamics, and rarely do researchers in either of these fields fully consider the role of human social patterns and processes. Because cities are fundamentally regulated by human activities, are inherently interconnected, and are frequently undergoing social and economic transformation, they represent an opportunity for ecologists and evolutionary biologists to study urban “socio‐eco‐evolutionary dynamics.” Through this new framework, we encourage researchers of urban ecology and evolution to fully integrate human social drivers and feedbacks to increase understanding and conservation of ecosystems, their functions, and their contributions to people within and outside cities.

ACS Style

Simone Des Roches; Kristien Inge Brans; Max R. Lambert; L. Ruth Rivkin; Amy Marie Savage; Christopher J. Schell; Cristian Correa; Luc De Meester; Sarah E. Diamond; Nancy B. Grimm; Nyeema C. Harris; Lynn Govaert; Andrew P. Hendry; Marc T. J. Johnson; Jason Munshi‐South; Eric P. Palkovacs; Marta Szulkin; Mark C. Urban; Brian C. Verrelli; Marina Alberti. Socio‐eco‐evolutionary dynamics in cities. Evolutionary Applications 2020, 14, 248 -267.

AMA Style

Simone Des Roches, Kristien Inge Brans, Max R. Lambert, L. Ruth Rivkin, Amy Marie Savage, Christopher J. Schell, Cristian Correa, Luc De Meester, Sarah E. Diamond, Nancy B. Grimm, Nyeema C. Harris, Lynn Govaert, Andrew P. Hendry, Marc T. J. Johnson, Jason Munshi‐South, Eric P. Palkovacs, Marta Szulkin, Mark C. Urban, Brian C. Verrelli, Marina Alberti. Socio‐eco‐evolutionary dynamics in cities. Evolutionary Applications. 2020; 14 (1):248-267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone Des Roches; Kristien Inge Brans; Max R. Lambert; L. Ruth Rivkin; Amy Marie Savage; Christopher J. Schell; Cristian Correa; Luc De Meester; Sarah E. Diamond; Nancy B. Grimm; Nyeema C. Harris; Lynn Govaert; Andrew P. Hendry; Marc T. J. Johnson; Jason Munshi‐South; Eric P. Palkovacs; Marta Szulkin; Mark C. Urban; Brian C. Verrelli; Marina Alberti. 2020. "Socio‐eco‐evolutionary dynamics in cities." Evolutionary Applications 14, no. 1: 248-267.

Original article
Published: 23 May 2020 in Sustainability Science
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In the United States of America, urban areas of the arid Southwest are prone to drought risk and changing precipitation patterns; future water supplies are uncertain. A collaborative working group of researchers and practitioners developed alternative future scenarios for 2060—sustainable water futures—that incorporate standard and novel water-adaptation strategies for the Phoenix metropolitan area (hereafter “Phoenix”) in central Arizona, USA. The authors adapted WaterSim-6, a water policy and planning model, to explore differences in water demand and supply for three scenarios as influenced by (1) runoff from the rivers that supply surface water to Phoenix, (2) population growth, (3) water use efficiency, (4) annual rainfall, and (5) land-cover land-use changes. Centralized water-management strategies (direct and indirect potable water reuse and reclaimed supplies) and decentralized strategies (rainwater harvesting and greywater use) were explored. We observed decreased reliance on surface water supplies, offset by increased municipal groundwater pumping in the Strategic scenario, but by alternative water supplies (non-potable water sources including greywater, reclaimed water, and rainwater harvested) in the Desert Wetland and Almost Zero Waste (AZW) scenarios. Even under modest policy implementation and service-connection adoption rates associated with our Strategic scenario, by 2060 alternative supplies from non-potable sources could offset 30% or more of outdoor water demand. Aggressive policy implementations associated with the AZW scenario suggest that up to 80% of outdoor water demand could likewise be met. The WaterSim platform combined with co-produced future scenarios illuminates tradeoffs in support of decision making for long-term sustainability of a water-limited region.

ACS Style

D. A. Sampson; E. M. Cook; M. J. Davidson; N. B. Grimm; David Iwaniec. Simulating alternative sustainable water futures. Sustainability Science 2020, 15, 1199 -1210.

AMA Style

D. A. Sampson, E. M. Cook, M. J. Davidson, N. B. Grimm, David Iwaniec. Simulating alternative sustainable water futures. Sustainability Science. 2020; 15 (4):1199-1210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. A. Sampson; E. M. Cook; M. J. Davidson; N. B. Grimm; David Iwaniec. 2020. "Simulating alternative sustainable water futures." Sustainability Science 15, no. 4: 1199-1210.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2020 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Cities face a number of challenges to ensure that people’s well-being and ecosystem integrity are not only maintained but improved for current and future generations. Urban planning must account for the diverse and changing interactions among the social, ecological, and technological systems (SETS) of a city. Cities struggle with long-range approaches to explore, anticipate, and plan for sustainability and resilience—and scenario development is one way to address this need. In this paper, we present the framework for developing what we call ‘strategic’ scenarios, which are scenarios or future visions created from governance documents expressing unrealized municipal priorities and goals. While scenario approaches vary based on diverse planning and decision-making objectives, only some offer tangible, systemic representations of existing plans and goals for the future that can be explored as an assessment and planning tool for sustainability and resilience. Indeed, the strategic scenarios approach presented here (1) emphasizes multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary interventions; (2) identifies systemic conflicts, tradeoffs, and synergies among existing planning goals; and (3) incorporates as yet unrealized goals and strategies representative of urban short-term planning initiatives. We present an example strategic scenario for the Central Arizona–Phoenix metropolitan region, and discuss the utility of the strategic scenario in long-term thinking for future sustainability and resilience in urban research and practice. This approach brings together diverse—sometimes competing—strategies and offers the opportunity to explore outcomes by comparing and contrasting their implications and tradeoffs, and evaluating the resulting strategic scenario against scenarios developed through alternative, participatory approaches.

ACS Style

David M. Iwaniec; Elizabeth M. Cook; Melissa J. Davidson; Marta Berbés-Blázquez; Nancy B. Grimm. Integrating existing climate adaptation planning into future visions: A strategic scenario for the central Arizona–Phoenix region. Landscape and Urban Planning 2020, 200, 103820 .

AMA Style

David M. Iwaniec, Elizabeth M. Cook, Melissa J. Davidson, Marta Berbés-Blázquez, Nancy B. Grimm. Integrating existing climate adaptation planning into future visions: A strategic scenario for the central Arizona–Phoenix region. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2020; 200 ():103820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Iwaniec; Elizabeth M. Cook; Melissa J. Davidson; Marta Berbés-Blázquez; Nancy B. Grimm. 2020. "Integrating existing climate adaptation planning into future visions: A strategic scenario for the central Arizona–Phoenix region." Landscape and Urban Planning 200, no. : 103820.

Editorial
Published: 15 March 2020 in Earth's Future
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AGU's open‐access transdisciplinary science journal Earth's Future continued to grow in size and stature in 2019, with ~40% acceptance rate for ~280 new submissions that were evaluated by a similar number of external reviewers; their names are listed here.

ACS Style

Ben van der Pluijm; Amir AghaKouchak; Michael Ellis; Nancy Grimm; Hong Liao; Céline H. Mari; Patricia Romero‐Lankao. Thank You Earth's Future Reviewers in 2019. Earth's Future 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Ben van der Pluijm, Amir AghaKouchak, Michael Ellis, Nancy Grimm, Hong Liao, Céline H. Mari, Patricia Romero‐Lankao. Thank You Earth's Future Reviewers in 2019. Earth's Future. 2020; 8 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ben van der Pluijm; Amir AghaKouchak; Michael Ellis; Nancy Grimm; Hong Liao; Céline H. Mari; Patricia Romero‐Lankao. 2020. "Thank You Earth's Future Reviewers in 2019." Earth's Future 8, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Scenarios are a tool to develop plausible, coherent visions about the future and to foster anticipatory knowledge. We present the Sustainable Future Scenarios (SFS) framework and demonstrate its application through the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) urban site. The SFS approach emphasizes the co-development of positive and long-term alternative future visions. Through a collaboration of practitioner and academic stakeholders, this research integrates participatory scenario development, modeling, and qualitative scenario assessments. The SFS engagement process creates space to question the limits of what is normally considered possible, desirable, or inevitable in the face of future challenges. Comparative analyses among the future scenarios demonstrate trade-offs among regional and microscale temperature, water use, land-use change, and co-developed resilience and sustainability indices. SFS incorporate diverse perspectives in co-producing positive future visions, thereby expanding traditional future projections. The iterative, interactive process also creates opportunities to bridge science and policy by building anticipatory and systems-based decision-making and research capacity for long-term sustainability planning.

ACS Style

David M. Iwaniec; Elizabeth M. Cook; Melissa J. Davidson; Marta Berbés-Blázquez; Matei Georgescu; E. Scott Krayenhoff; Ariane Middel; David A. Sampson; Nancy B. Grimm. The co-production of sustainable future scenarios. Landscape and Urban Planning 2020, 197, 103744 .

AMA Style

David M. Iwaniec, Elizabeth M. Cook, Melissa J. Davidson, Marta Berbés-Blázquez, Matei Georgescu, E. Scott Krayenhoff, Ariane Middel, David A. Sampson, Nancy B. Grimm. The co-production of sustainable future scenarios. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2020; 197 ():103744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Iwaniec; Elizabeth M. Cook; Melissa J. Davidson; Marta Berbés-Blázquez; Matei Georgescu; E. Scott Krayenhoff; Ariane Middel; David A. Sampson; Nancy B. Grimm. 2020. "The co-production of sustainable future scenarios." Landscape and Urban Planning 197, no. : 103744.

Review article
Published: 27 January 2020 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: biological sciences
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Managing and adapting to climate change in urban areas will become increasingly important as urban populations grow, especially because unique features of cities amplify climate change impacts. High impervious cover exacerbates impacts of climate warming through urban heat island effects and of heavy rainfall by magnifying runoff and flooding. Concentration of human settlements along rivers and coastal zones increases exposure of people and infrastructure to climate change hazards, often disproportionately affecting those who are least prepared. Nature-based strategies (NBS), which use living organisms, soils and sediments, and/or landscape features to reduce climate change hazards, hold promise as being more flexible, multi-functional and adaptable to an uncertain and non-stationary climate future than traditional approaches. Nevertheless, future research should address the effectiveness of NBS for reducing climate change impacts and whether they can be implemented at scales appropriate to climate change hazards and impacts. Further, there is a need for accurate and comprehensive cost–benefit analyses that consider disservices and co-benefits, relative to grey alternatives, and how costs and benefits are distributed across different communities. NBS are most likely to be effective and fair when they match the scale of the challenge, are implemented with input from diverse voices and are appropriate to specific social, cultural, ecological and technological contexts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

ACS Style

Sarah E. Hobbie; Nancy B. Grimm. Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: biological sciences 2020, 375, 20190124 .

AMA Style

Sarah E. Hobbie, Nancy B. Grimm. Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: biological sciences. 2020; 375 (1794):20190124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarah E. Hobbie; Nancy B. Grimm. 2020. "Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: biological sciences 375, no. 1794: 20190124.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Water Resources Research
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There is broad consensus that urbanization results in dramatic changes in stream hydrology, such as higher peak flows and greater flashiness. However, this has not been definitively tested for aridlands, which are characterized by these very same hydrograph properties. We analyzed streamflow records from 19 watersheds of central Arizona, USA to determine how hydrograph characteristics varied with urban development. Using linear mixed effects models which factored in imperviousness along with other watershed characteristics, we evaluated influences on streamflow regime metrics calculated from daily and sub‐daily flow data. We found that flashiness, coefficient of variation, zero flow days, and hydrograph rise and fall rates decreased with extent of imperviousness – the opposite pattern to that observed in previous studies primarily in humid regions. Engineered retention basins are one explanation for this observation though novel urban sources of dry weather flows are likely also playing a role. We also found strong relationships between these hydrologic metrics and mean area‐weighted discharge, watershed area, and annual precipitation. Like in humid systems, we did observe more high flow events in the urban desert streams compared to non‐urban desert streams. However, this was only at the lower flood threshold; there was no increase in larger floods with urban development. Overall, the urban stream syndrome manifests differently in this arid system: urbanization increases water retention and leads to less variable flows in stream ecosystems.

ACS Style

L. E. McPhillips; S. R. Earl; R. L. Hale; N. B. Grimm. Urbanization in Arid Central Arizona Watersheds Results in Decreased Stream Flashiness. Water Resources Research 2019, 55, 9436 -9453.

AMA Style

L. E. McPhillips, S. R. Earl, R. L. Hale, N. B. Grimm. Urbanization in Arid Central Arizona Watersheds Results in Decreased Stream Flashiness. Water Resources Research. 2019; 55 (11):9436-9453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. E. McPhillips; S. R. Earl; R. L. Hale; N. B. Grimm. 2019. "Urbanization in Arid Central Arizona Watersheds Results in Decreased Stream Flashiness." Water Resources Research 55, no. 11: 9436-9453.

Focus article
Published: 29 August 2019 in WIREs Climate Change
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It has become increasingly clear that cities will have to simultaneously undertake both adaptation and mitigation in response to accelerating climate change and the growing demands for meaningful climate action. Here we examine the connections between climate mitigation and climate adaptation, specifically, between low‐carbon energy systems and extreme events. The article specifically addresses the question, how do responses to extreme climate risks enhance or limit capacity to promote city‐level greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation? As a step toward answering this question, we present a framework for considering windows of opportunity that may arise as a result of extreme events and how these windows can be exploited to foster development and implementation of low‐carbon energy strategies. Four brief case studies are used to provide empirical background and determine the impact of potential windows of opportunity. Some general conclusions are defined. In particular, the existing energy system structure is an important determinant of impact and potential for energy transitions. Well‐developed and articulated governance strategies and ready access of effective and economically efficient alternative energy technology were key to transitions. However, prospects for inequity in development and implementation of low‐carbon solutions need to be considered. Finally, exploiting windows of opportunity afforded by extreme events for developing low‐carbon economy and infrastructure also can provide resilience against those very events. These types of responses will be needed as extreme events increase in frequency and magnitude in the future, with cities as primary sites of impact and action. This article is categorized under: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies

ACS Style

William Solecki; Nancy Grimm; Peter Marcotullio; Christopher Boone; Antje Bruns; Jose Lobo; Andres Luque; Patricia Romero‐Lankao; Andrea Young; Rae Zimmerman; Rebekah Breitzer; Corrie Griffith; Alexander Aylett. Extreme events and climate adaptation‐mitigation linkages: Understanding low‐carbon transitions in the era of global urbanization. WIREs Climate Change 2019, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

William Solecki, Nancy Grimm, Peter Marcotullio, Christopher Boone, Antje Bruns, Jose Lobo, Andres Luque, Patricia Romero‐Lankao, Andrea Young, Rae Zimmerman, Rebekah Breitzer, Corrie Griffith, Alexander Aylett. Extreme events and climate adaptation‐mitigation linkages: Understanding low‐carbon transitions in the era of global urbanization. WIREs Climate Change. 2019; 10 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Solecki; Nancy Grimm; Peter Marcotullio; Christopher Boone; Antje Bruns; Jose Lobo; Andres Luque; Patricia Romero‐Lankao; Andrea Young; Rae Zimmerman; Rebekah Breitzer; Corrie Griffith; Alexander Aylett. 2019. "Extreme events and climate adaptation‐mitigation linkages: Understanding low‐carbon transitions in the era of global urbanization." WIREs Climate Change 10, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Earth's Future
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Peer review is one of the most important professional activities for scientists, because it ensures the quality of science that is shared with colleagues and with the world. Reviewers generously donate their time and effort with the knowledge that are key to sustaining scientific rigor. Earth's Future is fortunate to engage excellent reviewers that support the growth and reputation of our young journal as it receives and publishes high‐quality, high‐impact articles. We recognize the time, effort, and dedication that each review requires and extend a heartfelt thank you to all of our reviewers. Last year, Earth's Future received 395 peer reviews from 297 individuals that are listed below; reviewers who contributed three or more reviews are recognized in italics. Our acceptance rate remains steady at ~40%, while the number of submissions continue to increase at a healthy pace (269 in 2018). Thank you all for your important and valued contributions to our science in 2018.

ACS Style

Ben Pluijm; Amir AghaKouchak; Guy Brasseur; Michael Ellis; Nancy Grimm; Hong Liao; Céline H. Mari; Paty Romero-Lankao. Thank you to Earth's Future Reviewers in 2018. Earth's Future 2019, 7, 584 -586.

AMA Style

Ben Pluijm, Amir AghaKouchak, Guy Brasseur, Michael Ellis, Nancy Grimm, Hong Liao, Céline H. Mari, Paty Romero-Lankao. Thank you to Earth's Future Reviewers in 2018. Earth's Future. 2019; 7 (6):584-586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ben Pluijm; Amir AghaKouchak; Guy Brasseur; Michael Ellis; Nancy Grimm; Hong Liao; Céline H. Mari; Paty Romero-Lankao. 2019. "Thank you to Earth's Future Reviewers in 2018." Earth's Future 7, no. 6: 584-586.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Sustainability
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Transformational change is not always intentional. However, deliberate transformations are imperative to achieve the sustainable visions that future generations deserve. Small, unintentional tweaks will not be enough to overcome persistent and emergent urban challenges. Recent scholarship on sustainability transformations has evolved considerably, but there is no consensus on what qualifies transformational change. We describe variations in current discussions of intentional sustainability transformations in the literature and synthesize strategies from funding institutions’ recent requests for proposals for urban sustainability transformations. Research funding initiatives calling for transformational change are increasingly common and are an important driver of how transformational change is articulated in research-practice in cities. From this synthesis, we present seven criteria for transformational change that provide direction for framing and implementing transformational change initiatives.

ACS Style

David M. Iwaniec; Elizabeth M. Cook; Olga Barbosa; Nancy B. Grimm. The Framing of Urban Sustainability Transformations. Sustainability 2019, 11, 573 .

AMA Style

David M. Iwaniec, Elizabeth M. Cook, Olga Barbosa, Nancy B. Grimm. The Framing of Urban Sustainability Transformations. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):573.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Iwaniec; Elizabeth M. Cook; Olga Barbosa; Nancy B. Grimm. 2019. "The Framing of Urban Sustainability Transformations." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 573.

Conference paper
Published: 18 December 2018 in Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience
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What are the futures we hope to create? And, how can we guide the development of these futures? Positive future visioning and scenario development are important tools for guiding urban sustainability and resilience planning. Sustainability and resilience pathways for the long-term future are often difficult to envision and may often be different or even be incompatible. The co-development of future scenarios with local practitioners allows for the exploration of diverse plausible, desirable futures while examining potential solutions, conflicts, and tradeoffs. In particular, the co-production of scenarios frees both practitioners and researchers from the typically problem-oriented focus on the short-term future and allows for positive long-term visions, innovations, and transformational changes.

ACS Style

David Iwaniec; Marta Berbes; Elizabeth Cook; Melissa Davidson; Nancy Grimm; Timon McPhearson; Tischa Muñoz-Erickson. Positive Futures. Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

David Iwaniec, Marta Berbes, Elizabeth Cook, Melissa Davidson, Nancy Grimm, Timon McPhearson, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson. Positive Futures. Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Iwaniec; Marta Berbes; Elizabeth Cook; Melissa Davidson; Nancy Grimm; Timon McPhearson; Tischa Muñoz-Erickson. 2018. "Positive Futures." Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 18 December 2018 in Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience
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This panel is intended to promote broad-based discussion of key approaches to conceptualizing urban resilience, to compare insights in how to engage with practitioners from a network of cities at all stages of research and implementation, to refine new approaches to co-producing urban resilience to extreme events, and to evaluate cross-cultural differences of perspective on urban resilience and sustainability.

ACS Style

David Iwaniec; Timon McPhearson; Nancy Grimm; Elizabeth Cook; Tischa Muñoz-Erickson; Rocio Gomez. Co-Producing Urban Resilience to Extreme Events. Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

David Iwaniec, Timon McPhearson, Nancy Grimm, Elizabeth Cook, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson, Rocio Gomez. Co-Producing Urban Resilience to Extreme Events. Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Iwaniec; Timon McPhearson; Nancy Grimm; Elizabeth Cook; Tischa Muñoz-Erickson; Rocio Gomez. 2018. "Co-Producing Urban Resilience to Extreme Events." Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 18 December 2018 in Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience
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Urban areas—their inhabitants and their infrastructure—are often concentrated in exposed areas like coasts and drylands and thus vulnerable to extreme events. Climate change is driving increasing frequency and magnitude of such events, such that risk to people and infrastructure in cities is one of the prime manifestations of the interaction between these two major components of global change. As a result of this accelerating risk, there is increased awareness of and interest in the concept of resilience among city practitioners and urban scholars alike. We present a conceptual framework for urban social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) that integrates three domains: social/equity/governance, environmental/ecological, and engineering/built environment/technology issues. We assert that socioecological systems and socially sensitive engineering approaches that fail to incorporate the third dimension may reduce resilience to climate-related disaster. The Urban Resilience to Extremes Sustainability Research Network is exploring: 1) potential solutions such as green infrastructure and safe-to-fail design, 2) modifications of ecosystem services approaches and vulnerability and resilience assessment under a SETS framing, and 3) participatory visioning of sustainable, resilient futures to guide urban transformation. A SETS approach enriches these activities through sensible balancing of the three domains, evaluating tradeoffs among them and opportunities for emergence that can support transformation. The infrastructure of the future must leverage ecosystem services, improve social well being, and exploit new technologies in ways that benefit all segments of urban populations and are context specific. Contexts are defined not only by the biophysical environment but also by culture and institutions of each place. The SETS conceptual framework is being applied in ten diverse western hemisphere cities to co-develop, with city practitioners, visions of resilient SETS infrastructure for an uncertain future.

ACS Style

Nancy Grimm; Marta Berbés Blasquez; Mikhail Chester; Elizabeth Cook; Peter Groffman; David Iwaniec; Timon McPhearson; Thaddeus Miller; Tischa Muñoz-Erickson; Charles Redman. A social-ecological-technical systems approach to understanding urban complexity and building climate resilience. Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Nancy Grimm, Marta Berbés Blasquez, Mikhail Chester, Elizabeth Cook, Peter Groffman, David Iwaniec, Timon McPhearson, Thaddeus Miller, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson, Charles Redman. A social-ecological-technical systems approach to understanding urban complexity and building climate resilience. Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nancy Grimm; Marta Berbés Blasquez; Mikhail Chester; Elizabeth Cook; Peter Groffman; David Iwaniec; Timon McPhearson; Thaddeus Miller; Tischa Muñoz-Erickson; Charles Redman. 2018. "A social-ecological-technical systems approach to understanding urban complexity and building climate resilience." Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience , no. : 1.