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Satya Parida is Professor and leader of the Vaccine Differentiation Group at The Pirbright Institute; an adjunct professor to Murdoch University Australia, a visiting professor at Royal Veterinary College, London University, and Jenner investigator at the University of Oxford. He has joint PhD students at Murdoch, Royal Veterinary College, and the University of Oxford. He is trained as a veterinarian and holds a PhD from Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India and Postdoctoral studies from the Institute for Animal Health, United Kingdom. His research interest is virology
Livestock markets are considered vital parts of the agricultural economy, particularly in developing countries where livestock keeping contributes to both food security and economic stability. Animals from diverse sources are moved to markets, they mix while they are there and are subsequently redistributed over wide geographic areas. Consequently, markets provide an opportunity for targeted surveillance for circulating pathogens. This study investigated the use of environmental sampling at a live goat market in Nepal for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), both of which are endemic. Five visits to the market were carried out between November 2016 and April 2018, with FMDV RNA detected on four visits and PPRV RNA detected on all five visits. Overall, 4.1% of samples (9 out of 217) were positive for FMDV RNA and 60.8% (132 out of 217) were positive for PPRV RNA, though the proportion of positive samples varied amongst visits. These results demonstrate that non-invasive, environmental sampling methods have the potential to be used to detect circulation of high priority livestock diseases at a live animal market and, hence, to contribute to their surveillance and control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Claire Colenutt; Emma Brown; David J. Paton; Mana Mahapatra; Satya Parida; Noel Nelson; Jenny Maud; Paolo Motta; Keith Sumption; Bishnu Adhikari; Sharmila Chapagain Kafle; Mukul Upadhyaya; Samjana Kafle Pandey; Simon Gubbins. Environmental sampling for the detection of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in a live goat market, Nepal. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleClaire Colenutt, Emma Brown, David J. Paton, Mana Mahapatra, Satya Parida, Noel Nelson, Jenny Maud, Paolo Motta, Keith Sumption, Bishnu Adhikari, Sharmila Chapagain Kafle, Mukul Upadhyaya, Samjana Kafle Pandey, Simon Gubbins. Environmental sampling for the detection of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in a live goat market, Nepal. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaire Colenutt; Emma Brown; David J. Paton; Mana Mahapatra; Satya Parida; Noel Nelson; Jenny Maud; Paolo Motta; Keith Sumption; Bishnu Adhikari; Sharmila Chapagain Kafle; Mukul Upadhyaya; Samjana Kafle Pandey; Simon Gubbins. 2021. "Environmental sampling for the detection of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in a live goat market, Nepal." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) of sheep and goats, that threatens food security, small ruminant production, and the conservation of wild small ruminants in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Robust serological and molecular diagnostic tools are available to detect PPRV infection, but they were mainly developed for domestic sheep and goats. The presence of a wide host range for PPRV does present serological diagnostic challenges. New innovative diagnostic tools are needed to detect PPRV in atypical hosts (e.g., Camelidae, Suidae, and Bovinae), in wildlife ecosystems and in complex field situations. Interestingly, single-domain antigen binding fragments (nanobodies) derived from heavy-chain-only camelid antibodies have emerged as a new hope in the development of accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tools in veterinary and biomedical fields that are suitable for low-income countries. The main objective of this study was to construct an immune nanobody library to retrieve PPRV-reactive nanobodies that enable the development of diagnostic and therapeutic nanobodies in the future. Here, a strategy was developed whereby an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was immunized with a live attenuated vaccine strain (PPRV/N/75/1) to raise an affinity-matured immune response in the heavy-chain-only antibody classes. The nanobody gene repertoire was engineered in pMECS-GG phagemid, whereby a ccdB gene (encoding a lethal protein) was substituted by the nanobody gene. An immune nanobody library with approximately sixty-four million independent transformants was constructed, of which 100% contained an insert with the proper size of nanobody gene. Following phage display and biopanning, nine nanobodies that specifically recognise completely inactivated PPRV were identified on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. They showed superb potency in rapidly identifying PPRV, which is likely to open a new perspective in the diagnosis and possible treatment of PPR infection.
Edson Kinimi; Serge Muyldermans; Cécile Vincke; Steven Odongo; Richard Kock; Satya Parida; Mana Mahapatra; Gerald Misinzo. Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Animals 2021, 11, 2206 .
AMA StyleEdson Kinimi, Serge Muyldermans, Cécile Vincke, Steven Odongo, Richard Kock, Satya Parida, Mana Mahapatra, Gerald Misinzo. Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdson Kinimi; Serge Muyldermans; Cécile Vincke; Steven Odongo; Richard Kock; Satya Parida; Mana Mahapatra; Gerald Misinzo. 2021. "Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy." Animals 11, no. 8: 2206.
In foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-endemic countries, vaccination is commonly used to control the disease, whilst in FMD-free countries, vaccination is considered as an option, in addition to culling the infected and in contact animals. FMD vaccines are mainly comprised of inactivated virions and stimulate protective antibodies to virus structural proteins. In contrast, infection with FMD virus leads to virus replication and additional antibody responses to viral nonstructural proteins (NSP). Therefore, antibodies against NSPs are used to differentiate infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA), in order to estimate the prevalence of infection or its absence. Another advantage of NSP antibody tests is that they detect FMD infection in the field, irrespective of the serotypes of virus in circulation. In cattle, the NSP tests that target the 3ABC polyprotein provides the highest sensitivity, detecting up to 90% of vaccinated animals that become carriers after exposure to infection, with a specificity of around 99%. Due to insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, detection of a low level of infection is difficult at the population level with a high degree of confidence. The low level of non-specific responses can be overcome by retesting samples scored positive using a second confirmatory test, which should have at least comparable sensitivity to the first test. In this study, six in-house tests were developed incorporating different NSP antigens, and validated using bovine sera from naïve animals, field cases and experimentally vaccinated and/or infected animals. In addition, two (short and long incubation) new commercial NSP tests based on 3ABC competitive blocking ELISAs (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, IDvet, France) were validated in this study. The two commercial ELISAs had very similar sensitivities and specificities that were not improved by lengthening the incubation period. Several of the new in-house tests had performance characteristics that were nearly as good as the commercial ELISAs. Finally, the in-house tests were evaluated for use as confirmatory tests following screening with the PrioCHECK® and ID Screen® FMDV NS commercial kits, to assess the diagnostic performance produced by a multiple testing strategy. The in-house tests could be used in series (to confirm) or in parallel (to augment) with the PrioCHECK® and IDvet® FMDV NS commercial kits, in order to improve either the specificity or sensitivity of the overall test system, although this comes at the cost of a reduction in the counterpart (sensitivity/specificity) parameter.
Anuj Tewari; Helen Ambrose; Krupali Parekh; Toru Inoue; Javier Guitian; Antonello Nardo; David Paton; Satya Parida. Development and Validation of Confirmatory Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibody ELISAs to Identify Infected Animals in Vaccinated Populations. Viruses 2021, 13, 914 .
AMA StyleAnuj Tewari, Helen Ambrose, Krupali Parekh, Toru Inoue, Javier Guitian, Antonello Nardo, David Paton, Satya Parida. Development and Validation of Confirmatory Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibody ELISAs to Identify Infected Animals in Vaccinated Populations. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):914.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnuj Tewari; Helen Ambrose; Krupali Parekh; Toru Inoue; Javier Guitian; Antonello Nardo; David Paton; Satya Parida. 2021. "Development and Validation of Confirmatory Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibody ELISAs to Identify Infected Animals in Vaccinated Populations." Viruses 13, no. 5: 914.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in Africa, the Middle East and Asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. Many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to PPR virus (PPRV) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. The role of wild species in PPRV epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. These studies aimed to investigate PPRV infection in wild artiodactyls in the Greater Serengeti and Amboseli ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania. Out of 132 animals purposively sampled in 2015–2016, 19.7% were PPRV seropositive by ID Screen PPR competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; IDvet, France) from the following species: African buffalo, wildebeest, topi, kongoni, Grant’s gazelle, impala, Thomson’s gazelle, warthog and gerenuk, while waterbuck and lesser kudu were seronegative. In 2018–2019, a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected African buffalo and Grant’s gazelle herds was conducted. The weighted estimate of PPRV seroprevalence was 12.0% out of 191 African buffalo and 1.1% out of 139 Grant’s gazelles. All ocular and nasal swabs and faeces were negative by PPRV real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Investigations of a PPR-like disease in sheep and goats confirmed PPRV circulation in the area by rapid detection test and/or RT-qPCR. These results demonstrated serological evidence of PPRV infection in wild artiodactyl species at the wildlife–livestock interface in this ecosystem where PPRV is endemic in domestic small ruminants. Exposure to PPRV could be via spillover from infected small ruminants or from transmission between wild animals, while the relatively low seroprevalence suggests that sustained transmission is unlikely. Further studies of other major wild artiodactyls in this ecosystem are required, such as impala, Thomson’s gazelle and wildebeest.
Bryony Jones; Mana Mahapatra; Daniel Mdetele; Julius Keyyu; Francis Gakuya; Ernest Eblate; Isaac Lekolool; Campaign Limo; Josephine Ndiwa; Peter Hongo; Justin Wanda; Ligge Shilinde; Maulid Mdaki; Camilla Benfield; Krupali Parekh; Martin Mayora Neto; David Ndeereh; Gerald Misinzo; Mariam Makange; Alexandre Caron; Arnaud Bataille; Geneviève Libeau; Samia Guendouz; Emanuel Swai; Obed Nyasebwa; Stephen Koyie; Harry Oyas; Satya Parida; Richard Kock. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, 2015–2019. Viruses 2021, 13, 838 .
AMA StyleBryony Jones, Mana Mahapatra, Daniel Mdetele, Julius Keyyu, Francis Gakuya, Ernest Eblate, Isaac Lekolool, Campaign Limo, Josephine Ndiwa, Peter Hongo, Justin Wanda, Ligge Shilinde, Maulid Mdaki, Camilla Benfield, Krupali Parekh, Martin Mayora Neto, David Ndeereh, Gerald Misinzo, Mariam Makange, Alexandre Caron, Arnaud Bataille, Geneviève Libeau, Samia Guendouz, Emanuel Swai, Obed Nyasebwa, Stephen Koyie, Harry Oyas, Satya Parida, Richard Kock. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, 2015–2019. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):838.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBryony Jones; Mana Mahapatra; Daniel Mdetele; Julius Keyyu; Francis Gakuya; Ernest Eblate; Isaac Lekolool; Campaign Limo; Josephine Ndiwa; Peter Hongo; Justin Wanda; Ligge Shilinde; Maulid Mdaki; Camilla Benfield; Krupali Parekh; Martin Mayora Neto; David Ndeereh; Gerald Misinzo; Mariam Makange; Alexandre Caron; Arnaud Bataille; Geneviève Libeau; Samia Guendouz; Emanuel Swai; Obed Nyasebwa; Stephen Koyie; Harry Oyas; Satya Parida; Richard Kock. 2021. "Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, 2015–2019." Viruses 13, no. 5: 838.
It is well known that approximately 50% of cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) may become asymptomatic carrier (persistently infected) animals. Although transmission of FMDV from carrier cattle to naïve cattle has not been demonstrated experimentally, circumstantial evidence from field studies has linked FMDV-carrier cattle to cause subsequent outbreaks. Therefore, the asymptomatic carrier state complicates the control and eradication of FMD. Current serological diagnosis using tests for antibodies to the viral non-structural proteins (NSP-ELISA) are not sensitive enough to detect all carrier animals, if persistently infected after vaccination and do not distinguish between carriers and non-carriers. The specificity of the NSP ELISA may also be reduced after vaccination, in particular after multiple vaccination. FMDV-specific mucosal antibodies (IgA) are not produced in vaccinated cattle but are elevated transiently during the acute phase of infection and can be detected at a high level in cattle persistently infected with FMDV, irrespective of their vaccination status. Therefore, detection of IgA by ELISA may be considered a diagnostic alternative to RT-PCR for assessing FMDV persistent infection in ruminants in both vaccinated and unvaccinated infected populations. This study reports on the development and validation of a new mucosal IgA ELISA for the detection of carrier animals using nasal, saliva, and oro-pharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples. The diagnostic performance of the IgA ELISA using nasal samples from experimentally vaccinated and infected cattle demonstrated a high level of specificity (99%) and an improved level of sensitivity (76.5%). Furthermore, the detection of carrier animals reached 96.9% when parallel testing of samples was carried out using both the IgA-ELISA and NSP-ELISA.
Jitendra Biswal; Antonello Nardo; Geraldine Taylor; David Paton; Satya Parida. Development and Validation of a Mucosal Antibody (IgA) Test to Identify Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2021, 13, 814 .
AMA StyleJitendra Biswal, Antonello Nardo, Geraldine Taylor, David Paton, Satya Parida. Development and Validation of a Mucosal Antibody (IgA) Test to Identify Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):814.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJitendra Biswal; Antonello Nardo; Geraldine Taylor; David Paton; Satya Parida. 2021. "Development and Validation of a Mucosal Antibody (IgA) Test to Identify Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus." Viruses 13, no. 5: 814.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease that threatens more than 1.74 billion goats and sheep in approximately 70 countries globally. In 2015, the international community set the goal of eradicating PPR by 2030, and, since then, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have jointly developed and implemented the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for PPR. Here, data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), the OIE World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), Regional Roadmap Meetings, and countries’ responses to PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) questionnaires were analyzed to inform on current progress towards PPR eradication. OIE recorded the use of over 333 million doses of vaccine in 12 countries from 2015 to 2018, 41.8% of which were used in Asia and 58.2% in Africa. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 12,757 PPR outbreaks were reported to OIE: 75.1% in Asia, 24.8% in Africa, and 0.1% in Europe. The number of global outbreaks in 2019 fell to 1218, compared with 3688 in 2015. Analysis of vaccine use and PPR outbreaks in countries indicates that disease control strategies, particularly vaccination campaigns and vaccine distribution strategies, still require scientific evaluation. It is imperative that vaccination is undertaken based on the epidemiology of the disease in a region and is coordinated between neighboring countries to restrict transboundary movements. Strengthening surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring at the national level is also essential. The PPR vaccine stock/bank established by FAO, OIE, and other partners have improved the quality assurance and supply of vaccines. However, to achieve PPR eradication, filling the funding gap for vaccination campaigns and other program activities will be critical.
Hang Zhao; Felix Njeumi; Satya Parida; Camilla Benfield. Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination. Viruses 2021, 13, 59 .
AMA StyleHang Zhao, Felix Njeumi, Satya Parida, Camilla Benfield. Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination. Viruses. 2021; 13 (1):59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHang Zhao; Felix Njeumi; Satya Parida; Camilla Benfield. 2021. "Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination." Viruses 13, no. 1: 59.
Diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the detection of antibodies against either the viral nonstructural proteins or the capsid. The detection of antibodies against the structural proteins (SP) of the capsid can be used to monitor seroconversion in both infected and vaccinated animals. However, SP tests need to be tailored to the individual FMD virus (FMDV) serotype and their sensitivity may be affected by antigenic variability within each serotype and mismatching between test reagents.
A. S. Asfor; N. Howe; S. Grazioli; S. Berryman; K. Parekh; G. Wilsden; A. Ludi; Donald King; S. Parida; E. Brocchi; T. J. Tuthill. Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020, 58, 1 .
AMA StyleA. S. Asfor, N. Howe, S. Grazioli, S. Berryman, K. Parekh, G. Wilsden, A. Ludi, Donald King, S. Parida, E. Brocchi, T. J. Tuthill. Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2020; 58 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. S. Asfor; N. Howe; S. Grazioli; S. Berryman; K. Parekh; G. Wilsden; A. Ludi; Donald King; S. Parida; E. Brocchi; T. J. Tuthill. 2020. "Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 58, no. 6: 1.
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to replicate in a wide variety of ruminants causing very species-specific clinical symptoms. Small ruminants (goats and sheep) are susceptible to disease while domesticated cattle and buffalo are dead-end hosts and do not display clinical symptoms. Understanding the host factors that influence differential pathogenesis and disease susceptibility could help the development of better diagnostics and control measures. To study this, we generated transcriptome data from goat and cattle peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) experimentally infected with PPRV in-vitro. After identifying differentially expressed genes, we further analyzed these immune related pathway genes using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and selected candidate genes were validated using in-vitro experiments. Upon PPRV infection, we identified 12 and 22 immune related genes that were differentially expressed in goat and cattle respectively. In both species, this included the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) IFI44, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, OAS1X, RSAD2, IRF7, DDX58 and DHX58 that were transcribed significantly higher in cattle. PPRV replication in goat PBMCs significantly increased the expression of phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12), a 2′,5′-oligoadenylate degrading enzyme that contributes to the reduced modulation of interferon-regulated gene targets. Finally, a model is proposed for the differential susceptibility between large and small ruminants based on the expression levels of type-I interferons, ISGs and effector molecules.
Krishnaswamy Gopalan Tirumurugaan; Rahul Mohanchandra Pawar; Gopal Dhinakar Raj; Arthanari Thangavelu; John A. Hammond; Satya Parida. RNAseq Reveals the Contribution of Interferon Stimulated Genes to the Increased Host Defense and Decreased PPR Viral Replication in Cattle. Viruses 2020, 12, 463 .
AMA StyleKrishnaswamy Gopalan Tirumurugaan, Rahul Mohanchandra Pawar, Gopal Dhinakar Raj, Arthanari Thangavelu, John A. Hammond, Satya Parida. RNAseq Reveals the Contribution of Interferon Stimulated Genes to the Increased Host Defense and Decreased PPR Viral Replication in Cattle. Viruses. 2020; 12 (4):463.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrishnaswamy Gopalan Tirumurugaan; Rahul Mohanchandra Pawar; Gopal Dhinakar Raj; Arthanari Thangavelu; John A. Hammond; Satya Parida. 2020. "RNAseq Reveals the Contribution of Interferon Stimulated Genes to the Increased Host Defense and Decreased PPR Viral Replication in Cattle." Viruses 12, no. 4: 463.
Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have set a goal to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) globally by 2030. Vaccination is being taken forward as the key strategy along with epidemiological surveillance to target vaccination efforts and eradicate the disease. PPR is highly contagious and is generally spread by aerosolized droplets and close contact. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) are in use, and administered subcutaneously to prevent transmission of PPR and protect vaccinated animals. Though the target cells that support primary replication of PPR vaccine strains are largely unknown, it is hypothesized that the immune response could be intensified following intranasal vaccine delivery as this route mimics the natural route of infection. This study aims to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two currently available live attenuated PPR vaccines following subcutaneous and intranasal routes of vaccination in target species. Groups of five goats were vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) by either the subcutaneous or intranasal route, and 28 days later challenged intranasally with virulent PPR virus. All vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route produced PPRV-specific antibodies post-vaccination. Following challenge, all goats were protected from clinical disease, and vaccination was considered to have induced sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates that the intranasal route of vaccination is as effective as the subcutaneous route of vaccination when using available live attenuated PPR vaccines.
Mana Mahapatra; M. Selvaraj; Satya Parida. Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes. Vaccines 2020, 8, 168 .
AMA StyleMana Mahapatra, M. Selvaraj, Satya Parida. Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (2):168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMana Mahapatra; M. Selvaraj; Satya Parida. 2020. "Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes." Vaccines 8, no. 2: 168.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease was first confirmed in Tanzania in 2008 in sheep and goats in Ngorongoro District, northern Tanzania, and is now endemic in this area. This study aimed to characterise PPR disease in pastoralist small ruminant flocks in Ngorongoro District. During June 2015, 33 PPR-like disease reports were investigated in different parts of the district, using semi-structured interviews, clinical examinations, PPR virus rapid detection test (PPRV-RDT), and laboratory analysis. Ten flocks were confirmed as PPRV infected by PPRV-RDT and/or real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and two flocks were co-infected with bluetongue virus (BTV), confirmed by RT-qPCR. Phylogenetic analysis of six partial N gene sequences showed that the PPR viruses clustered with recent lineage III Tanzanian viruses, and grouped with Ugandan, Kenyan and Democratic Republic of Congo isolates. No PPR-like disease was reported in wildlife. There was considerable variation in clinical syndromes between flocks: some showed a full range of PPR signs, while others were predominantly respiratory, diarrhoea, or oro-nasal syndromes, which were associated with different local disease names (olodua—a term for rinderpest, olkipiei—lung disease, oloirobi—fever, enkorotik—diarrhoea). BTV co-infection was associated with severe oro-nasal lesions. This clinical variability makes the field diagnosis of PPR challenging, highlighting the importance of access to pen-side antigen tests and multiplex assays to support improved surveillance and targeting of control activities for PPR eradication.
Bryony Anne Jones; Mana Mahapatra; Chobi Chubwa; Brian Clarke; Carrie Batten; Hayley Hicks; Mark Henstock; Julius Keyyu; Richard Kock; Satya Parida. Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection. Viruses 2020, 12, 389 .
AMA StyleBryony Anne Jones, Mana Mahapatra, Chobi Chubwa, Brian Clarke, Carrie Batten, Hayley Hicks, Mark Henstock, Julius Keyyu, Richard Kock, Satya Parida. Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection. Viruses. 2020; 12 (4):389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBryony Anne Jones; Mana Mahapatra; Chobi Chubwa; Brian Clarke; Carrie Batten; Hayley Hicks; Mark Henstock; Julius Keyyu; Richard Kock; Satya Parida. 2020. "Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection." Viruses 12, no. 4: 389.
Growing evidence suggests that multiple wildlife species can be infected with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), with important consequences for the potential maintenance of PPRV in communities of susceptible hosts, and the threat that PPRV may pose to the conservation of wildlife populations and resilience of ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of PPRV across the ruminant community (wildlife and domestic), and the understanding of infection in wildlife and other atypical host species groups (e.g., camelidae, suidae, and bovinae) hinder our ability to apply necessary integrated disease control and management interventions at the wildlife-livestock interface. Similarly, knowledge gaps limit the inclusion of wildlife in the FAO/OIE Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR, and the framework of activities in the PPR Global Eradication Programme that lays the foundation for eradicating PPR through national and regional efforts. This article reports on the first international meeting on, “Controlling PPR at the livestock-wildlife interface,” held in Rome, Italy, March 27–29, 2019. A large group representing national and international institutions discussed recent advances in our understanding of PPRV in wildlife, identified knowledge gaps and research priorities, and formulated recommendations. The need for a better understanding of PPRV epidemiology at the wildlife-livestock interface to support the integration of wildlife into PPR eradication efforts was highlighted by meeting participants along with the reminder that PPR eradication and wildlife conservation need not be viewed as competing priorities, but instead constitute two requisites of healthy socio-ecological systems.
Amanda E. Fine; Mathieu Pruvot; Camilla Benfield; Alexandre Caron; Giovanni Cattoli; Philippe Chardonnet; Maurizio Dioli; Thomas Dulu; Martin Gilbert; Richard Kock; Juan Lubroth; Jeffrey C. Mariner; Stephane Ostrowski; Satya Parida; Sasan Fereidouni; Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba; Jonathan M. Sleeman; Claudia Schulz; Jean-Jacques Soula; Yves Van Der Stede; Berhe G. Tekola; Chris Walzer; Steffen Zuther; Felix Njeumi; Meeting Participants. Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and the Wildlife-Livestock Interface. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleAmanda E. Fine, Mathieu Pruvot, Camilla Benfield, Alexandre Caron, Giovanni Cattoli, Philippe Chardonnet, Maurizio Dioli, Thomas Dulu, Martin Gilbert, Richard Kock, Juan Lubroth, Jeffrey C. Mariner, Stephane Ostrowski, Satya Parida, Sasan Fereidouni, Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba, Jonathan M. Sleeman, Claudia Schulz, Jean-Jacques Soula, Yves Van Der Stede, Berhe G. Tekola, Chris Walzer, Steffen Zuther, Felix Njeumi, Meeting Participants. Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and the Wildlife-Livestock Interface. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020; 7 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda E. Fine; Mathieu Pruvot; Camilla Benfield; Alexandre Caron; Giovanni Cattoli; Philippe Chardonnet; Maurizio Dioli; Thomas Dulu; Martin Gilbert; Richard Kock; Juan Lubroth; Jeffrey C. Mariner; Stephane Ostrowski; Satya Parida; Sasan Fereidouni; Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba; Jonathan M. Sleeman; Claudia Schulz; Jean-Jacques Soula; Yves Van Der Stede; Berhe G. Tekola; Chris Walzer; Steffen Zuther; Felix Njeumi; Meeting Participants. 2020. "Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and the Wildlife-Livestock Interface." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, no. : 1.
In the recent past, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) emerged in East Africa causing outbreaks in small livestock across different countries, with evidences of spillover to wildlife. In order to understand better PPR at the wildlife–livestock interface, we investigated patterns of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) exposure, disease outbreaks, and viral sequences in the northern Albertine Rift. PPRV antibodies indicated a widespread exposure in apparently healthy wildlife from South Sudan (2013) and Uganda (2015, 2017). African buffaloes and Uganda kobs
Xavier Fernandez Aguilar; Mana Mahapatra; Mattia Begovoeva; Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka; Margaret Driciru; Chrisostom Ayebazibwe; David Solomon Adwok; Michael Kock; Jean-Paul Kabemba Lukusa; Jesus Muro; Ignasi Marco; Andreu Colom-Cadena; Johan Espunyes; Natascha Meunier; Oscar Cabezón; Alexandre Caron; Arnaud Bataille; Genevieve Libeau; Krupali Parekh; Satya Parida; Richard Kock. Peste des Petits Ruminants at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Northern Albertine Rift and Nile Basin, East Africa. Viruses 2020, 12, 293 .
AMA StyleXavier Fernandez Aguilar, Mana Mahapatra, Mattia Begovoeva, Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, Margaret Driciru, Chrisostom Ayebazibwe, David Solomon Adwok, Michael Kock, Jean-Paul Kabemba Lukusa, Jesus Muro, Ignasi Marco, Andreu Colom-Cadena, Johan Espunyes, Natascha Meunier, Oscar Cabezón, Alexandre Caron, Arnaud Bataille, Genevieve Libeau, Krupali Parekh, Satya Parida, Richard Kock. Peste des Petits Ruminants at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Northern Albertine Rift and Nile Basin, East Africa. Viruses. 2020; 12 (3):293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXavier Fernandez Aguilar; Mana Mahapatra; Mattia Begovoeva; Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka; Margaret Driciru; Chrisostom Ayebazibwe; David Solomon Adwok; Michael Kock; Jean-Paul Kabemba Lukusa; Jesus Muro; Ignasi Marco; Andreu Colom-Cadena; Johan Espunyes; Natascha Meunier; Oscar Cabezón; Alexandre Caron; Arnaud Bataille; Genevieve Libeau; Krupali Parekh; Satya Parida; Richard Kock. 2020. "Peste des Petits Ruminants at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Northern Albertine Rift and Nile Basin, East Africa." Viruses 12, no. 3: 293.
The 2016–2017 introduction of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) into livestock in Mongolia was followed by mass mortality of the critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other rare wild ungulates. To assess the nature and population effects of this outbreak among wild ungulates, we collected clinical, histopathologic, epidemiologic, and ecological evidence. Molecular characterization confirmed that the causative agent was PPRV lineage IV. The spatio-temporal patterns of cases among wildlife were similar to those among livestock affected by the PPRV outbreak, suggesting spillover of virus from livestock at multiple locations and time points and subsequent spread among wild ungulates. Estimates of saiga abundance suggested a population decline of 80%, raising substantial concerns for the species’ survival. Consideration of the entire ungulate community (wild and domestic) is essential for elucidating the epidemiology of PPRV in Mongolia, addressing the threats to wild ungulate conservation, and achieving global PPRV eradication.
Mathieu Pruvot; Amanda E. Fine; Charlotte Hollinger; Samantha Strindberg; Batchuluun Damdinjav; Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar; Buyanaa Chimeddorj; Gantulga Bayandonoi; Bodisaikhan Khishgee; Batkhuyag Sandag; Jamiyankhuu Narmandakh; Tserenjav Jargalsaikhan; Batzorig Bataa; Denise McAloose; Munkhduuren Shatar; Ganzorig Basan; Mana Mahapatra; Muni Selvaraj; Satya Parida; Felix Njeumi; Richard Kock; Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba. Outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Critically Endangered Mongolian Saiga and Other Wild Ungulates, Mongolia, 2016–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2020, 26, 51 -62.
AMA StyleMathieu Pruvot, Amanda E. Fine, Charlotte Hollinger, Samantha Strindberg, Batchuluun Damdinjav, Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar, Buyanaa Chimeddorj, Gantulga Bayandonoi, Bodisaikhan Khishgee, Batkhuyag Sandag, Jamiyankhuu Narmandakh, Tserenjav Jargalsaikhan, Batzorig Bataa, Denise McAloose, Munkhduuren Shatar, Ganzorig Basan, Mana Mahapatra, Muni Selvaraj, Satya Parida, Felix Njeumi, Richard Kock, Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba. Outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Critically Endangered Mongolian Saiga and Other Wild Ungulates, Mongolia, 2016–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020; 26 (1):51-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathieu Pruvot; Amanda E. Fine; Charlotte Hollinger; Samantha Strindberg; Batchuluun Damdinjav; Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar; Buyanaa Chimeddorj; Gantulga Bayandonoi; Bodisaikhan Khishgee; Batkhuyag Sandag; Jamiyankhuu Narmandakh; Tserenjav Jargalsaikhan; Batzorig Bataa; Denise McAloose; Munkhduuren Shatar; Ganzorig Basan; Mana Mahapatra; Muni Selvaraj; Satya Parida; Felix Njeumi; Richard Kock; Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba. 2020. "Outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Critically Endangered Mongolian Saiga and Other Wild Ungulates, Mongolia, 2016–2017." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 1: 51-62.
Diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the detection of antibodies against either the viral non-structural proteins or the capsid. The detection of antibodies against the structural proteins (SP) of the capsid can be used to monitor seroconversion in both infected and vaccinated animals. However, SP tests need to be tailored to the individual FMD virus serotype and their sensitivity performances may be affected by antigenic variability within each serotype and mismatching between tests reagents. As a consequence, FMD Reference Laboratories need to maintain contingency to employ multiple type-specific assays for large-scale serological surveillance and post-vaccination monitoring in the event of FMD outbreaks. In this study, a highly conserved region in the N terminus of FMDV capsid protein VP2 (VP2N) was characterised using a panel of intertypic-reactive monoclonal antibodies. This revealed a universal epitope in VP2N which could be used as a peptide antigen to detect FMDV-specific antibodies against all types of the virus. A VP2-peptide ELISA (VP2-ELISA) was optimised using experimental and reference antisera from immunized, convalescent and negative animals (n=172). The VP2-ELISA is universal, simple and provided sensitive (98.6 %) and specific (93%) detection of antibodies to all FMDV strains used in this study. We anticipate that this SP test could have utility for sero-surveillance during virus incursions in FMD-free countries and as an additional screening tool to assess FMD virus circulation in endemic countries.
Amin S Asfor; Nathalie Howe; Santina Grazioli; Stephen Berryman; Krupali Parekh; G Wilsden; Anna Barbara Ludi; Donald P King; Satya Parida; Emiliana Brocchi; Tobias J Tuthill. Detection of antibodies against a conserved capsid epitope as the basis of a novel universal serological test for foot-and-mouth disease. 2019, 797332 .
AMA StyleAmin S Asfor, Nathalie Howe, Santina Grazioli, Stephen Berryman, Krupali Parekh, G Wilsden, Anna Barbara Ludi, Donald P King, Satya Parida, Emiliana Brocchi, Tobias J Tuthill. Detection of antibodies against a conserved capsid epitope as the basis of a novel universal serological test for foot-and-mouth disease. . 2019; ():797332.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmin S Asfor; Nathalie Howe; Santina Grazioli; Stephen Berryman; Krupali Parekh; G Wilsden; Anna Barbara Ludi; Donald P King; Satya Parida; Emiliana Brocchi; Tobias J Tuthill. 2019. "Detection of antibodies against a conserved capsid epitope as the basis of a novel universal serological test for foot-and-mouth disease." , no. : 797332.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a disease of small ruminants caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Effective control combines the application of early warning systems, accurate laboratory diagnosis and reporting, animal movement restrictions, suitable vaccination and surveillance programs, and the coordination of all these measures by efficient veterinary services. Molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) have improved the sensitivity and rapidity of diagnosing PPR. However, currently these assays are only performed within laboratory settings; therefore, the development of field diagnostics for PPR would improve the fast implementation of control policies, particularly when PPR has been targeted to be eradicated by 2030. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are simple to use, rapid, and have sensitivity and specificity within the range of RT-qPCR; and can be performed in the field using disposable consumables and portable equipment. This study describes the development of a novel RT-LAMP assay for the detection of PPRV nucleic acid by targeting the N-protein gene. The RT-LAMP assay was evaluated using cell culture propagated PPRVs, field samples from clinically infected animals and samples from experimentally infected animals encompassing all four lineages (I-IV) of PPRV. The test displayed 100% concordance with RT-qPCR when considering an RT-qPCR cut-off value of CT >40. Further, the RT-LAMP assay was evaluated using experimental and outbreak samples without prior RNA extraction making it more time and cost-effective. This assay provides a solution for a pen-side, rapid and inexpensive PPR diagnostic for use in the field in nascent PPR eradication programme.
Mana Mahapatra; Emma Howson; Veronica Fowler; Carrie Batten; John Flannery; Muneeswaran Selvaraj; Satya Parida. Rapid Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) Nucleic Acid Using a Novel Low-Cost Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Viruses 2019, 11, 699 .
AMA StyleMana Mahapatra, Emma Howson, Veronica Fowler, Carrie Batten, John Flannery, Muneeswaran Selvaraj, Satya Parida. Rapid Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) Nucleic Acid Using a Novel Low-Cost Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Viruses. 2019; 11 (8):699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMana Mahapatra; Emma Howson; Veronica Fowler; Carrie Batten; John Flannery; Muneeswaran Selvaraj; Satya Parida. 2019. "Rapid Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) Nucleic Acid Using a Novel Low-Cost Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme." Viruses 11, no. 8: 699.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) displays various epitopes on the capsid outer surface. In addition to the five neutralizing antigenic sites, there is evidence of the existence of other, yet unidentified, epitopes that are believed to play a role in antibody-mediated protection. Previous attempts to identify these epitopes revealed two additional substitutions at positions VP2-74 and -191 (5M2/5 virus) to be of antigenic significance. However, complete resistance to neutralization was not obtained in the neutralization assay, indicating the existence of other, undisclosed epitopes. Results from this study provides evidence of at least two new neutralizing epitopes involving residues VP3-116 and -195 around the threefold axis that have significant impact on the antigenic nature of the virus. These findings extend our knowledge of the surface features of the FMDV capsid known to elicit neutralizing antibodies, and should help with rational vaccine design.
Mana Mahapatra; Sasmita Upadhyaya; Satya Parida. Identification of novel epitopes in serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus by in vitro immune selection. Journal of General Virology 2019, 100, 804 -811.
AMA StyleMana Mahapatra, Sasmita Upadhyaya, Satya Parida. Identification of novel epitopes in serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus by in vitro immune selection. Journal of General Virology. 2019; 100 (5):804-811.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMana Mahapatra; Sasmita Upadhyaya; Satya Parida. 2019. "Identification of novel epitopes in serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus by in vitro immune selection." Journal of General Virology 100, no. 5: 804-811.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating viral disease affecting mainly sheep and goats, but also a large number of wild species within the order Artiodactyla. A better understanding of PPR transmission dynamics in multi-host systems is necessary to efficiently control the disease, in particular where wildlife and livestock co-occur. Notably, the role of wildlife in PPR epidemiology is still not clearly understood. Non-invasive strategies to detect PPR infection without the need for animal handling could greatly facilitate research on PPR epidemiology and management of the disease in atypical hosts and in complex field situations. Here, we describe optimized methods for the direct detection of PPR virus genetic material and antigen in fecal samples. We use these methods to determine the detection window of PPR in fecal samples, and compare the sensitivity of these methods to standard invasive sampling and PPR diagnostic methods using field samples collected at a wildlife-livestock interface in Africa. Our results show that quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-QPCR) amplification of PPRV from fecal swabs has good sensitivity in comparison to ocular swabs. Animals infected by PPRV could be identified relatively early on and during the whole course of infection based on fecal samples using RT-QPCR. Partial gene sequences could also be retrieved in some cases, from both fecal and ocular samples, providing important information about virus origin and relatedness to other PPRV strains. Non-invasive strategies for PPRV surveillance could provide important data to fill major gaps in our knowledge of the multi-host PPR epidemiology.
Arnaud Bataille; Olivier Kwiatek; Salima Belfkhi; Lucile Mounier; Satya Parida; Mana Mahapatra; Alexandre Caron; Chobi Clement Chubwa; Julius Keyyu; Richard Kock; Bryony A. Jones; Geneviève Libeau. Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 4742 .
AMA StyleArnaud Bataille, Olivier Kwiatek, Salima Belfkhi, Lucile Mounier, Satya Parida, Mana Mahapatra, Alexandre Caron, Chobi Clement Chubwa, Julius Keyyu, Richard Kock, Bryony A. Jones, Geneviève Libeau. Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):4742.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnaud Bataille; Olivier Kwiatek; Salima Belfkhi; Lucile Mounier; Satya Parida; Mana Mahapatra; Alexandre Caron; Chobi Clement Chubwa; Julius Keyyu; Richard Kock; Bryony A. Jones; Geneviève Libeau. 2019. "Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 4742.
Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) have set a goal to globally eradicate Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) by 2030. To support the eradication programme we have quantified the levels of PPR virus (PPRV) nucleic acid excreted in body fluids (blood, feces, saliva, nasal and eye swabs) of PPRV-infected goats to ascertain which days post-infection animals are potentially infectious, and hence direct quarantine activities. The data will also indicate optimal sample strategies to assess presence of PPR infection in the naturally infected herd. Peak PPRV nucleic acid detection in different bodily fluids was between 5 and 10 days post-infection. As such, this period must be considered the most infectious period for contact transmission, although high viral load was observed through RNA detection in nasal excretions from two days post-infection until at least two weeks post-infection. Percentage sample positivity was low both in eye swabs and saliva samples during the early stage of infection although RNA was detected as late as two weeks post-infection. From the individual animal data, PPRV was detected later post-infection in fecal material than in other body fluids and the detection was intermittent. The results from this study indicate that nasal swabs are the most appropriate to sample when considering molecular diagnosis of PPRV.
Satya Parida; M. Selvaraj; S. Gubbins; R. Pope; A. Banyard; Mana Mahapatra. Quantifying Levels of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus in Excretions from Experimentally Infected Goats and Its Importance for Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Viruses 2019, 11, 249 .
AMA StyleSatya Parida, M. Selvaraj, S. Gubbins, R. Pope, A. Banyard, Mana Mahapatra. Quantifying Levels of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus in Excretions from Experimentally Infected Goats and Its Importance for Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Viruses. 2019; 11 (3):249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatya Parida; M. Selvaraj; S. Gubbins; R. Pope; A. Banyard; Mana Mahapatra. 2019. "Quantifying Levels of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus in Excretions from Experimentally Infected Goats and Its Importance for Nascent PPR Eradication Programme." Viruses 11, no. 3: 249.
Recent outbreaks of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in the Marmara region of Turkey including the European part of Thrace is important due to its proximity to Europe (Greece and Bulgaria) and the potential threat of spread of PPR into mainland Europe. In order to investigate the circulation of PPRV in the region suspect clinical and necropsy samples were collected from domestic sheep (n=211) in the Marmara region of Turkey between 2011 and 2012. PPR virus (PPRV) genome was detected in 10.4% (22 out of 211) of sheep samples by real‐time RT‐PCR, and PPR virus was isolated from lungs of two sheep that died from infection. Of the 22 positive samples nine were used for partial N gene amplification and sequencing. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that the virus belongs to lineage IV, the same lineage that is circulating in eastern and central part of Turkey since its first official report in 1999. In addition, samples from 100 cattle were collected to investigate potential subclinical circulation of PPRV. However all were found to be negative by real‐time RT‐PCR, and also in serological tests indicating the large ruminants were likely not exposed or infected with the virus. The impact of these findings on the potential threat of spread of PPR to Europe including the first PPR outbreak in Europe in Bulgaria on 23rd June 2018 is discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Eda Altan; Satya Parida; Mana Mahapatra; Nuri Turan; Huseyin Yilmaz. Molecular characterization of Peste des petits ruminants viruses in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2018, 66, 865 -872.
AMA StyleEda Altan, Satya Parida, Mana Mahapatra, Nuri Turan, Huseyin Yilmaz. Molecular characterization of Peste des petits ruminants viruses in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2018; 66 (2):865-872.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEda Altan; Satya Parida; Mana Mahapatra; Nuri Turan; Huseyin Yilmaz. 2018. "Molecular characterization of Peste des petits ruminants viruses in the Marmara Region of Turkey." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 66, no. 2: 865-872.
The available vaccines for control of Peste des petits ruminants do not favour differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). Hence, the present study was aimed to isolate and characterize monoclonal antibody resistant mutant of an Indian strain of vaccine virus “PPRV-Sungri/96” under selection pressure of virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody ‘4B11’ specific to haemagglutinin (H) protein. We successfully isolated five monoclonal antibody resistant (mAr) mutants (PPRV-RM5, PPRV-RM6, PPRV-RM7, PPRV- E6 and PPRV- E7). The mAr mutants did not react with the anti-H mAb 4B11 whereas reacted with control anti-nucleoprotein mAb 4G6, similar to the parent vaccine virus “PPRV-Sungri/96” in indirect ELISA, cell ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence test. Cytometry analysis of mAr mutants revealed loss of binding to mAb 4B11 while maintaining binding to mAb 4G6, more or less similar to “PPRV-Sungri/96”. The sequence analysis of the H-protein gene of the mAr mutants resulted in identification of two nucleotide changes leading to amino acid substitutions at position 263 and 502 (L263P and R502P) of the H protein indicating that the epitope of mAb 4B11 could be conformational in nature. Though, mAr mutant grew to a similar titre as parent vaccine virus (PPRV-Sungri/96), the in vivo work in goats to study the mAr mutant as possible negative marker vaccine candidate could not be successfully proved with mAb 4B11 based competitive ELISA. However, one of the nucleotide change (T-C) at position 788, unique to mAr mutant virus resulted in abolition of a restriction enzyme recognition site (BglII). This could be used to differentiate mAr mutant vaccine virus from other available vaccine and field strains using restriction fragment length polymorphism. However, the mAr mutant PPRV-E6 cannot be used as a candidate strain for DIVA vaccine as immune response against it cannot be differentiated based on serology.
Belayneh Getachew; Vikramaditya Upmanyu; Adil Anamul Haq; Ramasamy Santhamani; Kaushal Kishor Rajak; Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan; Shishir Kumar Gupta; Raja Wasim Yousuf; Mana Mahapatra; Satya Parida; Bhaskar Sharma; Rabindra Prasad Singh. Monoclonal antibody resistant mutant of Peste des petits ruminants vaccine virus. VirusDisease 2018, 29, 520 -530.
AMA StyleBelayneh Getachew, Vikramaditya Upmanyu, Adil Anamul Haq, Ramasamy Santhamani, Kaushal Kishor Rajak, Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan, Shishir Kumar Gupta, Raja Wasim Yousuf, Mana Mahapatra, Satya Parida, Bhaskar Sharma, Rabindra Prasad Singh. Monoclonal antibody resistant mutant of Peste des petits ruminants vaccine virus. VirusDisease. 2018; 29 (4):520-530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelayneh Getachew; Vikramaditya Upmanyu; Adil Anamul Haq; Ramasamy Santhamani; Kaushal Kishor Rajak; Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan; Shishir Kumar Gupta; Raja Wasim Yousuf; Mana Mahapatra; Satya Parida; Bhaskar Sharma; Rabindra Prasad Singh. 2018. "Monoclonal antibody resistant mutant of Peste des petits ruminants vaccine virus." VirusDisease 29, no. 4: 520-530.