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Prof. Dr. Gordon M. Hickey
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Journal of Rural Studies
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Cannabis legalization is spreading rapidly. In California, as the plant transitions from an illegal drug to agricultural product, regulations have been implemented to manage its production and associated environmental impacts. Yet, at the early stages of this process, many of the state's cannabis farmers continue to operate illicitly. This study examines why some cannabis farmers are engaging in the state's licensing initiative while others are not. Through an anonymous survey of cannabis farmers in California, we analyzed socio-normative and cost-related factors influencing farmers' decisions to participate in legal markets, or not. Approximately one third of the 362 cannabis farmers who completed the survey reported that they had never applied for a license. These non-compliant farmers were likely to be smaller cultivators who grew cannabis as part of a diversified livelihood strategy. Farmers' non-compliance was primarily attributed to an inability to overcome barriers to participation. These included not only financial barriers but also administrative and psychological ones, all of which disproportionately affect farmers with fewer resources. Socio-normative factors, including pressure from neighbors and perspectives on the benefits of environmental regulations, were not found to motivate non-compliance. As a result, policy efforts to mitigate the administrative burdens of compliance, such as streamlining permitting processes, extending agricultural support services, and supporting farmer collectives, warrant further attention to enhance compliance, public safety, environmental outcomes, and rural development in cannabis cultivating communities. Reforms to promote compliance, particularly among smaller farmers, may prevent the kinds of industrial consolidation seen in agricultural and in other governmental efforts to regulate informal resource use and trade.

ACS Style

Hekia Bodwitch; Michael Polson; Eric Biber; Gordon M. Hickey; Van Butsic. Why comply? Farmer motivations and barriers in cannabis agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies 2021, 86, 155 -170.

AMA Style

Hekia Bodwitch, Michael Polson, Eric Biber, Gordon M. Hickey, Van Butsic. Why comply? Farmer motivations and barriers in cannabis agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies. 2021; 86 ():155-170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hekia Bodwitch; Michael Polson; Eric Biber; Gordon M. Hickey; Van Butsic. 2021. "Why comply? Farmer motivations and barriers in cannabis agriculture." Journal of Rural Studies 86, no. : 155-170.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Environmental Advances
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Despite the global toxicology community discussing New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for chemical hazard and risk assessment, such as in vitro, in silico, and ‘omics-based approaches, for some 30 years, their formal adoption by regulators remains limited. Previous research suggests that insufficient validation, complexity of interpretation, and lack of standardization are salient obstacles to adoption. In this paper we aim to better understand the policy challenges associated with adopting NAMs in chemical risk assessment; and to identify actions that could facilitate and accelerate their formal adoption internationally. We conducted a Delphi study – a group communication process that solicits expert judgments through iterative questioning and feedback – with panelists from government, industry, and non-governmental organizations in Europe and North America. Expert panelists identified two key activities to facilitate and accelerate the validation of NAMs internationally: 1) the development of common data collection, reporting and sharing procedures; and 2) the improvement of knowledge about new test methods among members of the regulatory community. Both activities suggest the need for a common regulatory science infrastructure, including international regulatory dialogues, large-scale research collaborations, and coordinated innovation in technological tools, the discourse of scientific validation, and regulatory procedures. To build trust across many sites (laboratories, regulatory agencies, contract research organizations, chemical producers, and the public), stakeholders will need to agree on validation requirements for particular uses (content in relation to context) as well as how results are to be communicated (data format), and measured (metrics). There is also a need for a global orchestrator, who can exert leadership and inspire voluntary cooperation of diverse organizations to address shared validation goals, to play a key role.

ACS Style

Matthieu Mondou; Steve Maguire; Guillaume Pain; Doug Crump; Markus Hecker; Niladri Basu; Gordon M. Hickey. Envisioning an international validation process for New Approach Methodologies in chemical hazard and risk assessment. Environmental Advances 2021, 4, 100061 .

AMA Style

Matthieu Mondou, Steve Maguire, Guillaume Pain, Doug Crump, Markus Hecker, Niladri Basu, Gordon M. Hickey. Envisioning an international validation process for New Approach Methodologies in chemical hazard and risk assessment. Environmental Advances. 2021; 4 ():100061.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthieu Mondou; Steve Maguire; Guillaume Pain; Doug Crump; Markus Hecker; Niladri Basu; Gordon M. Hickey. 2021. "Envisioning an international validation process for New Approach Methodologies in chemical hazard and risk assessment." Environmental Advances 4, no. : 100061.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Agricultural Systems
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COVID-19 mitigation measures including border lockdowns, social distancing, de-urbanization and restricted movements have been enforced to reduce the risks of COVID-19 arriving and spreading across PICs. To reduce the negative impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures, governments have put in place a number of interventions to sustain food and income security. Both mitigation measures and interventions have had a number of impacts on agricultural production, food systems and dietary diversity at the national and household levels. Our paper conducted an exploratory analysis of immediate impacts of both COVID-19 mitigation measures and interventions on households and communities in PICs. Our aim is to better understand the implications of COVID-19 for PICs and identify knowledge gaps requiring further research and policy attention. To understand the impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures and interventions on food systems and diets in PICs, 13 communities were studied in Fiji and Solomon Islands in July-August 2020. In these communities, 46 focus group discussions were carried out and 425 households were interviewed. Insights were also derived from a series of online discussion sessions with local experts of Pacific Island food and agricultural systems in August and September 2020. To complement these discussions, an online search was conducted for available literature. Identified impacts include: 1) Reduced agricultural production, food availability and incomes due to a decline in local markets and loss of access to international markets; 2) Increased social conflict such as land disputes, theft of high-value crops and livestock, and environmental degradation resulting from urban-rural migration; 3) Reduced availability of seedlings, planting materials, equipment and labour in urban areas; 4) Reinvigoration of traditional food systems and local food production; and 5) Re-emergence of cultural safety networks and values, such as barter systems. Households in rural and urban communities appear to have responded positively to COVID-19 by increasing food production from home gardens, particularly root crops, vegetables and fruits. However, the limited diversity of agricultural production and decreased household incomes are reducing the already low dietary diversity score that existed pre-COVID-19 for households. These findings have a number of implications for future policy and practice. Future interventions would benefit from being more inclusive of diverse partners, focusing on strengthening cultural and communal values, and taking a systemic and long-term perspective. COVID-19 has provided an opportunity to strengthen traditional food systems and re-evaluate, re-imagine and re-localize agricultural production strategies and approaches in PICs.

ACS Style

Viliamu Iese; Morgan Wairiu; Gordon M. Hickey; David Ugalde; Diana Hinge Salili; John Walenenea; Tammy Tabe; Milton Keremama; Chris Teva; Otto Navunicagi; Jioje Fesaitu; Robson Tigona; Deeksha Krishna; Hirdesh Sachan; Nigel Unwin; Cornelia Guell; Emily Haynes; Filipe Veisa; Linda Vaike; Zina Bird; Michael Ha'Apio; Nasoni Roko; Soane Patolo; Annika Rose Dean; Sashi Kiran; Pitakia Tikai; Jowalesi Tuiloma; Siosiua Halavatau; Judith Francis; Alastair Christopher Ward. Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems in Pacific Island countries (PICs): Evidence from communities in Fiji and Solomon Islands. Agricultural Systems 2021, 190, 103099 .

AMA Style

Viliamu Iese, Morgan Wairiu, Gordon M. Hickey, David Ugalde, Diana Hinge Salili, John Walenenea, Tammy Tabe, Milton Keremama, Chris Teva, Otto Navunicagi, Jioje Fesaitu, Robson Tigona, Deeksha Krishna, Hirdesh Sachan, Nigel Unwin, Cornelia Guell, Emily Haynes, Filipe Veisa, Linda Vaike, Zina Bird, Michael Ha'Apio, Nasoni Roko, Soane Patolo, Annika Rose Dean, Sashi Kiran, Pitakia Tikai, Jowalesi Tuiloma, Siosiua Halavatau, Judith Francis, Alastair Christopher Ward. Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems in Pacific Island countries (PICs): Evidence from communities in Fiji and Solomon Islands. Agricultural Systems. 2021; 190 ():103099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viliamu Iese; Morgan Wairiu; Gordon M. Hickey; David Ugalde; Diana Hinge Salili; John Walenenea; Tammy Tabe; Milton Keremama; Chris Teva; Otto Navunicagi; Jioje Fesaitu; Robson Tigona; Deeksha Krishna; Hirdesh Sachan; Nigel Unwin; Cornelia Guell; Emily Haynes; Filipe Veisa; Linda Vaike; Zina Bird; Michael Ha'Apio; Nasoni Roko; Soane Patolo; Annika Rose Dean; Sashi Kiran; Pitakia Tikai; Jowalesi Tuiloma; Siosiua Halavatau; Judith Francis; Alastair Christopher Ward. 2021. "Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems in Pacific Island countries (PICs): Evidence from communities in Fiji and Solomon Islands." Agricultural Systems 190, no. : 103099.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Most previous studies aim to predict ecosystem sustainability from the perspective of a sole human or natural system and have frequently failed to achieve their desired outcome. Based on the coupled human and natural system (CHANS) and its interaction with other systems, we attempted to analyze the effectiveness of the Grain to Green Program and predict future trends in the Hexi Corridor, the hub of the ancient silk road of China. At different scales, we established a metacoupling framework to investigate the flows, effects, and causes of the complex CHANS. Three typical inner river watersheds within the corridor at three different geographic scales (local, regional and national) were estimated and compared. The Telecoupling Geo App, additional models, and software tools were employed to evaluate the CHANS series of the focal system (Hexi Corridor, local), spillover system (Gansu Province, regional), and distance system (China, national). The results showed that most flows can be screened and quantitatively analyzed across focal, spillover and distance systems. The social and economic transformations in spillover and distance systems could affect the possibility and whereabouts of labor transfer in the focal system. Moreover, the labor migration increased the implementation efficiency of the Grain to Green Program as a Payment for Ecosystem Services PES) strategy, thereby improving its ecological benefits. For the first time, we established a metacoupled model to quantitatively evaluate aspects of ecosystem sustainability in China, providing insight to the theory and application of sustainability science.

ACS Style

Jian Zhang; Tao Tian; Jin-Ying Cui; Gordon M. Hickey; Rui Zhou; Jian-Guo Liu; You-Cai Xiong. Sustainability Evaluation on the Grain to Green Program in the Hexi Corridor of China: A Metacoupled System Perspective. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1498 .

AMA Style

Jian Zhang, Tao Tian, Jin-Ying Cui, Gordon M. Hickey, Rui Zhou, Jian-Guo Liu, You-Cai Xiong. Sustainability Evaluation on the Grain to Green Program in the Hexi Corridor of China: A Metacoupled System Perspective. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian Zhang; Tao Tian; Jin-Ying Cui; Gordon M. Hickey; Rui Zhou; Jian-Guo Liu; You-Cai Xiong. 2021. "Sustainability Evaluation on the Grain to Green Program in the Hexi Corridor of China: A Metacoupled System Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1498.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Earth System Governance
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The influential role of international treaty secretariats in coordinating bureaucracies across jurisdictional boundaries has been highlighted in recent years. While we now better understand how their influence occurs, the field still faces a substantial difficulty in answering the basic quantitative question of “how influential?” By employing network analysis, we devised and tested a survey to quantify secretariat influence within an international environmental regime. We applied the survey tool to two transboundary fisheries governance networks in North America and here focus on the Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) as our primary case study. The results demonstrate a high ability of treaty secretariat to influence the management decisions of federal and state/provincial agencies. Primary interview data collected with the GLFC secretariat staff helps explain this finding. This study advances the reconceptualization of secretariat influence via relational metrics, and offers a way to estimate secretariat influence despite their typically veiled modes of operation.

ACS Style

Andrew M. Song; Owen Temby; Dongkyu Kim; Gordon M. Hickey. Assessing the influence of international environmental treaty secretariats using a relational network approach. Earth System Governance 2020, 5, 100076 .

AMA Style

Andrew M. Song, Owen Temby, Dongkyu Kim, Gordon M. Hickey. Assessing the influence of international environmental treaty secretariats using a relational network approach. Earth System Governance. 2020; 5 ():100076.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew M. Song; Owen Temby; Dongkyu Kim; Gordon M. Hickey. 2020. "Assessing the influence of international environmental treaty secretariats using a relational network approach." Earth System Governance 5, no. : 100076.

Review
Published: 07 August 2020 in Environmental Research Letters
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Cities are net consumers of food from local and global hinterlands. Urban foodshed analysis is a quantitative approach for examining links between urban consumers and rural agricultural production by mapping food flow networks or estimating the potential for local food self-sufficiency (LFS). However, at present, the lack of a coherent methodological framework and research agenda limits the potential to compare different cities and regions as well as to cumulate knowledge. We conduct a review of 42 peer-reviewed publications on foodsheds (identified from a subset of 829 publications) from 1979 to 2019 that quantify LFS, food supply, or food flows on the urban or regional scale. We define and characterize these studies into three main foodshed types: (1) agricultural capacity, which estimate LFS potential or local foodshed size required to meet food demands; (2) food flow, which trace food movements and embodied resources and emissions; and (3) hybrid, which combine both approaches and study dynamics between imports, exports, and LFS. LFS capacity studies are the most common type but the majority of cases we found in the literature were from cities or regions in the Global North with underrepresentation of rapidly urbanizing regions of the Global South. We use a synthetic framework with ten criteria to further classify foodshed studies, which illustrates the challenges of quantitatively comparing results across studies with different methodologies. Core research priorities from our review include the need to explore the interplay between LFS capacity and interregional food trade (both imports and exports) for foodsheds. Hybrid methodologies are particularly relevant to examining such dependency relationships in food systems by incorporating food flows into LFS capacity assessment. Foodshed analysis can inform policy related to multiple components of sustainable food systems, including navigating the social and environmental benefits and tradeoffs of sourcing food locally, regionally, and globally.

ACS Style

Kerstin Schreiber; Gordon M. Hickey; Geneviève S Metson; Brian E. Robinson; Graham K. MacDonald. Quantifying the foodshed: a systematic review of urban food flow and local food self-sufficiency research. Environmental Research Letters 2020, 16, 023003 .

AMA Style

Kerstin Schreiber, Gordon M. Hickey, Geneviève S Metson, Brian E. Robinson, Graham K. MacDonald. Quantifying the foodshed: a systematic review of urban food flow and local food self-sufficiency research. Environmental Research Letters. 2020; 16 (2):023003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kerstin Schreiber; Gordon M. Hickey; Geneviève S Metson; Brian E. Robinson; Graham K. MacDonald. 2020. "Quantifying the foodshed: a systematic review of urban food flow and local food self-sufficiency research." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 2: 023003.

Review
Published: 14 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Reviewing both conceptual and empirical studies on climate vulnerability and adaptation assessment, this paper offers an analytical framework to help better understand how context-specific adaptation strategies could be developed. The framework systematically assembles the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods and the Vulnerability Assessment frameworks to develop its structural and analytical components. The resulting five-step approach involves: (i) identification of context along with understanding what aspect of vulnerability need to be studied; (ii) assessment of livelihood exposure to climate impacts involving both community perspectives and meteorological data-based climate forecasts; (iii) characterization of available capital asset usages to help buffer climate sensitivity; (iv) analysis of formal and informal institutional impetus to enhance adaptive capacity; and (v) evaluation of gaps between context-specific vulnerability and institutional and policy responses to avoid maladaptive trajectories. Drawing on published research and policy documentation, we apply the framework to the livelihood systems operating in the northeastern floodplain community of Bangladesh to demonstrate the utility of the approach and then discuss its potential to inform adaptation strategies.

ACS Style

H.M. Rahman; Gordon Hickey. An Analytical Framework for Assessing Context-Specific Rural Livelihood Vulnerability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5654 .

AMA Style

H.M. Rahman, Gordon Hickey. An Analytical Framework for Assessing Context-Specific Rural Livelihood Vulnerability. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.M. Rahman; Gordon Hickey. 2020. "An Analytical Framework for Assessing Context-Specific Rural Livelihood Vulnerability." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5654.

Opinion piece
Published: 09 July 2020 in Food Security
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The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food and nutrition insecurity are likely to be significant for Small Island Developing States due to their high dependence on foreign tourism, reliance on imported foods and underdeveloped local food production systems. SIDS are already experiencing high rates of nutrition-related death and disability, including double and triple burdens of malnutrition due to unhealthy diets. We consider the potential role for improved local food production to offset the severity of food system shocks in SIDS and identify the need for localized approaches to embrace systems thinking in order to facilitate communication, coordination and build resilience.

ACS Style

Gordon M. Hickey; Nigel Unwin. Addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in the time of COVID-19 and climate change in Small Island Developing States: what role for improved local food production? Food Security 2020, 12, 831 -835.

AMA Style

Gordon M. Hickey, Nigel Unwin. Addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in the time of COVID-19 and climate change in Small Island Developing States: what role for improved local food production? Food Security. 2020; 12 (4):831-835.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gordon M. Hickey; Nigel Unwin. 2020. "Addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in the time of COVID-19 and climate change in Small Island Developing States: what role for improved local food production?" Food Security 12, no. 4: 831-835.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Journal of Rural Studies
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Social capital develops through relations between people and groups within community social networks. Women in smallholder agrarian communities often draw on social capital to influence their intra-household bargaining positions, with significant implications for their resource access. However, the extent to which women use different types of social capital to increase their participation in agricultural decision-making remain understudied. This research examines the relationships between women's participation in agricultural decision-making and bonding, bridging, and linking social capital and how broader contextual factors can interact with the pathways through which social capital functions in rural semi-arid Kenya. In 2014, we collected and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data: household (N = 206) and community (n = 127) surveys, key informant interviews (n = 77), twelve focus group discussions, and eight community meetings. Results indicate that women draw on bridging social capital to increase the diversity of their information and training sources. We found that women's participation in decision-making has a positive association with bonding social capital and a negative association with linking social capital. Multilevel analysis reveals cross-scale interactions between poverty prevalence and social capital on women's decision-making participation. Findings suggest that advances in regional development have the potential to amplify the stock and usage of social capital for women's empowerment in smallholder agrarian systems.

ACS Style

June Y.T. Po; Gordon M. Hickey. Cross-scale relationships between social capital and women's participation in decision-making on the farm: A multilevel study in semi-arid Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies 2020, 78, 333 -349.

AMA Style

June Y.T. Po, Gordon M. Hickey. Cross-scale relationships between social capital and women's participation in decision-making on the farm: A multilevel study in semi-arid Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies. 2020; 78 ():333-349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

June Y.T. Po; Gordon M. Hickey. 2020. "Cross-scale relationships between social capital and women's participation in decision-making on the farm: A multilevel study in semi-arid Kenya." Journal of Rural Studies 78, no. : 333-349.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Nutrients
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Many Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean experience a triple burden of malnutrition with high rates of obesity, undernutrition in children, and iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age, driven by an inadequate, unhealthy diet. This study aimed to map the complex dynamic systems driving unhealthy eating and to identify potential points for intervention in three dissimilar countries. Stakeholders from across the food system in Jamaica (n = 16), St. Kitts and Nevis (n = 19), and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (n = 6) engaged with researchers in two group model building (GMB) workshops in 2018. Participants described and mapped the system driving unhealthy eating, identified points of intervention, and created a prioritized list of intervention strategies. Stakeholders were also interviewed before and after the workshops to provide their perspectives on the utility of this approach. Stakeholders described similar underlying systems driving unhealthy eating across the three countries, with a series of dominant feedback loops identified at multiple levels. Participants emphasized the importance of the relative availability and price of unhealthy foods, shifting cultural norms on eating, and aggressive advertising from the food industry as dominant drivers. They saw opportunities for governments to better regulate advertising, disincentivize unhealthy food options, and bolster the local agricultural sector to promote food sovereignty. They also identified the need for better coordinated policy making across multiple sectors at national and regional levels to deliver more integrated approaches to improving nutrition. GMB proved to be an effective tool for engaging a highly diverse group of stakeholders in better collective understanding of a complex problem and potential interventions.

ACS Style

Leonor Guariguata; Etiënne Aja Rouwette; Madhuvanti Murphy; Arlette Saint Ville; Leith L Dunn; Gordon M Hickey; Waneisha Jones; T Alafia Samuels; Nigel Unwin. Using Group Model Building to Describe the System Driving Unhealthy Eating and Identify Intervention Points: A Participatory, Stakeholder Engagement Approach in the Caribbean. Nutrients 2020, 12, 384 .

AMA Style

Leonor Guariguata, Etiënne Aja Rouwette, Madhuvanti Murphy, Arlette Saint Ville, Leith L Dunn, Gordon M Hickey, Waneisha Jones, T Alafia Samuels, Nigel Unwin. Using Group Model Building to Describe the System Driving Unhealthy Eating and Identify Intervention Points: A Participatory, Stakeholder Engagement Approach in the Caribbean. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (2):384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leonor Guariguata; Etiënne Aja Rouwette; Madhuvanti Murphy; Arlette Saint Ville; Leith L Dunn; Gordon M Hickey; Waneisha Jones; T Alafia Samuels; Nigel Unwin. 2020. "Using Group Model Building to Describe the System Driving Unhealthy Eating and Identify Intervention Points: A Participatory, Stakeholder Engagement Approach in the Caribbean." Nutrients 12, no. 2: 384.

Original article
Published: 16 January 2020 in Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
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Background Given current legislative mandates to assess the safety of thousands of chemicals and the slow pace at which conventional testing proceeds, there is a need to accelerate chemical risk assessment. Governments and businesses are increasingly interested in New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that promise to reduce costs and delays. Aim We explore five sociological factors within the ecotoxicology community that can influence the perception of NAMs: 1) professional profile (educational cohort, employer); 2) internal science communication within professional forums; 3) concern for ‘error cost’; 4) collaboration across stakeholders, and 5) fundamental beliefs regarding toxicology. Methods We conducted an online survey (n = 171, 2018) asking participants about their experiences and perspectives at events of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry to assess: 1) how NAMs are discussed compared to conventional testing; and 2) how respondents perceive their viability. We developed ordered logistic regression (OLR) models to understand the influence of exploratory variables (cohort, core views on toxicology, frequency of collaboration) on respondents’ evaluation of the viability of different NAMs. Results 1) NAMs were more likely than conventional methods to be challenged in forum discussions, which may be fuelled by concerns for ‘error costs’ in regulatory decision‐making; 2) perceptions of the viability of NAMs tended to follow a ‘pattern of familiarity’, whereby respondents that were more knowledgeable about a test method tended to find it more viable; 3) respondents who agreed with the Paracelsus maxim had a greater likelihood of finding conventional testing viable, and 4) the more a respondent reported collaborating with industry on alternative testing strategies, the more likely she/he was to report that NAMs were less viable. Discussion These results suggest that there are professional and organizational barriers to greater acceptance of NAMs that can be addressed through a social learning process within the professional community. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Matthieu Mondou; Gordon M. Hickey; H.M. Tuihedur Rahman; Steve Maguire; Guillaume Pain; Doug Crump; Markus Hecker; Niladri Basu. Factors Affecting the Perception of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in the Ecotoxicology Community. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2020, 16, 269 -281.

AMA Style

Matthieu Mondou, Gordon M. Hickey, H.M. Tuihedur Rahman, Steve Maguire, Guillaume Pain, Doug Crump, Markus Hecker, Niladri Basu. Factors Affecting the Perception of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in the Ecotoxicology Community. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 2020; 16 (2):269-281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthieu Mondou; Gordon M. Hickey; H.M. Tuihedur Rahman; Steve Maguire; Guillaume Pain; Doug Crump; Markus Hecker; Niladri Basu. 2020. "Factors Affecting the Perception of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in the Ecotoxicology Community." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 16, no. 2: 269-281.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Within agricultural innovation systems (AIS), various stakeholder groups inevitably interpret ‘innovation’ from their own vantage point of privilege and power. In rural developing areas where small-scale and subsistence farming systems support livelihoods, dominant policy actors often focus heavily on participatory modernization and commercialization initiatives to enhance productivity, access, and quality. However, existing social hierarchies may undermine the potential of such initiatives to promote inclusive and sustainable farmer-driven innovation. Focusing on the chronically food insecure smallholder agricultural systems operating in Yatta Sub-county, Eastern Kenya, this paper explores how power dynamics between stakeholders can influence, and can be influenced by, participatory agricultural innovation initiatives. Findings suggest that there are often significant disparities in access to, and control over, platform resources between smallholder farmers and other stakeholder groups, resulting in large asymmetries. We discuss how these power dynamics may increase the risk of agricultural intervention, further marginalizing already disempowered groups and reinforcing power hierarchies to the detriment of smallholders. This study highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the institutional contexts that facilitate and maintain relationships of power within agricultural innovation systems, as well as the complexities associated with promoting transformational agricultural innovation.

ACS Style

Colleen M. Eidt; Laxmi P. Pant; Gordon M. Hickey. Platform, Participation, and Power: How Dominant and Minority Stakeholders Shape Agricultural Innovation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 461 .

AMA Style

Colleen M. Eidt, Laxmi P. Pant, Gordon M. Hickey. Platform, Participation, and Power: How Dominant and Minority Stakeholders Shape Agricultural Innovation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (2):461.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colleen M. Eidt; Laxmi P. Pant; Gordon M. Hickey. 2020. "Platform, Participation, and Power: How Dominant and Minority Stakeholders Shape Agricultural Innovation." Sustainability 12, no. 2: 461.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Sustainability
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Predatory sharks contribute to healthy coral reef ecosystems; however their populations are declining. This paper explores some of the important social factors affecting shark conservation outcomes in Belize through a qualitative analysis of the shark-related activities, attitudes and perceptions among local stakeholders and their perceived relative ability to influence shark conservation policies. Drawing on key informant interviews and focus groups, respondents suggested that considerable demand for shark meat originates from markets in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, especially during Lent, driving larger-scale shark fishing operations within Belize waters. Different stakeholders reported a wide range of uses for shark products, and reported diverging perceptions concerning the status and value of shark populations in Belize, with conflicting attitudes towards their conservation. Such conflicting perceptions among stakeholders can pose a serious challenge to sustainable shark conservation and management, and ultimately undermine collaborative governance objectives. Belize shark conservation issues likely need to be addressed at the scale of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, perhaps by taking a transboundary approach that better accounts for the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders from Belize, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

ACS Style

Stephanie M. Sabbagh; Gordon M. Hickey. Social Factors Affecting Sustainable Shark Conservation and Management in Belize. Sustainability 2019, 12, 40 .

AMA Style

Stephanie M. Sabbagh, Gordon M. Hickey. Social Factors Affecting Sustainable Shark Conservation and Management in Belize. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephanie M. Sabbagh; Gordon M. Hickey. 2019. "Social Factors Affecting Sustainable Shark Conservation and Management in Belize." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 40.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Sustainable fishery management is a complex multi-sectoral challenge requiring substantial interagency coordination, collaboration, and knowledge sharing. While scholars of public management network theory and natural resource management have identified trust as one of the key ideational network properties that facilitates such interaction, relatively few studies have operationalized and measured the multiple dimensions of trust and their influence on collaboration. This article presents the results of an exploratory study examining the Gulf of Mexico fishery management network comprised of more than 30 stakeholder organizations. Using an empirically validated survey instrument, the distribution of four types of trust, three gradations of influence, and the degree of formality and informality in actor communications were assessed across the fishery public management network. The analysis reveals generally low levels of interorganizational procedural trust and a high degree of network fragmentation along the international border. Civil servants based at U.S. organizations reported nearly no interactions with Mexican agencies, and vice versa. Rational (calculative) trust was the most important in bringing about reported change in other organizations, while dispositional distrust and affinitive (relational) trust also had significant effects. The results suggest that, although transactional interorganizational relationships prevail in Gulf of Mexico fishery governance, well-developed professional relationships contribute meaningfully to the reported success of public fishery network management and warrants further policy attention in order to help ensure sustainability.

ACS Style

Anthony Lima; Dongkyu Kim; Andrew M. Song; Gordon M. Hickey; Owen Temby. Trust and Influence in the Gulf of Mexico’s Fishery Public Management Network. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6090 .

AMA Style

Anthony Lima, Dongkyu Kim, Andrew M. Song, Gordon M. Hickey, Owen Temby. Trust and Influence in the Gulf of Mexico’s Fishery Public Management Network. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6090.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anthony Lima; Dongkyu Kim; Andrew M. Song; Gordon M. Hickey; Owen Temby. 2019. "Trust and Influence in the Gulf of Mexico’s Fishery Public Management Network." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6090.

Policy and practice reviews article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Climate vulnerability represents a highly complex public policy challenge for government due to its interaction with diverse social, political, economic, and ecological factors across scale. The policy challenge is further exacerbated when rural livelihood opportunities depend on multiple land use practices within shared social-ecological systems and adaptation actions related to one practice affects the others. In such cases, it becomes likely that national and regional-level adaptation plans will result in maladaptive trajectories if local context and properties are not carefully considered. This review highlights the importance of this issue to public policy using the case of climate change adaptation planning in Bangladesh to highlight how national and regional-level planned adaptation processes could benefit from paying closer attention to the autonomous adaptation processes occurring at local levels. Focussing on the northeastern floodplain region, an area dominated by wetland ecosystems, high climate vulnerability, and diverse and complex land use practices, we examine some of the community-level adaptation actions that are being undertaken in response to climate change and contrast these with national-level adaptation planning strategies and actions. We then analyze how the planned adaptation actions taken by government may actually end up being maladaptive, either by shifting or rebounding vulnerability. We conclude that government adaptation planning would benefit from a greater focus on learning and scrutinizing the autonomous adaptation of communities to climate stress before making significant resource allocation decisions.

ACS Style

H. M. Tuihedur Rahman; Gordon M. Hickey. What Does Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change Have to Teach Public Policy and Planning About Avoiding the Risks of Maladaptation in Bangladesh? Frontiers in Environmental Science 2019, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

H. M. Tuihedur Rahman, Gordon M. Hickey. What Does Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change Have to Teach Public Policy and Planning About Avoiding the Risks of Maladaptation in Bangladesh? Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2019; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. M. Tuihedur Rahman; Gordon M. Hickey. 2019. "What Does Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change Have to Teach Public Policy and Planning About Avoiding the Risks of Maladaptation in Bangladesh?" Frontiers in Environmental Science 7, no. : 1.

Chapter
Published: 18 October 2018 in The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries
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Overweight and obesity affect over half a billion people globally and represent major public health concerns because excess weight gain is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in obesity, considering both developed and developing country contexts. It describes how this pandemic is rooted in the “nutrition transition” taking place around the world as a result of a globalized agri-food system that is changing the quantity, types, and desirability of foods available for consumption. In some countries, this is contributing to a “double burden of malnutrition,” as the problem of undernutrition now coexists alongside an increasing prevalence of over-nutrition. An overview of key policy responses and policy instruments that governments can utilize to address obesity is provided, recognizing that a holistic food systems response is needed to address the global challenge of obesity. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the food security and obesity challenges facing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and profiles a “farm to fork” school feeding project in the island nation of St. Kitts-Nevis that was designed to reduce obesity and improve food security among children. Implementation and key results of this integrated project are presented, including the core components of agricultural production, procurement of local produce, and children’s consumption of nutritious foods. The chapter concludes by identifying lessons for supporting “farm to school”-type projects as a possible food systems response to addressing obesity and food insecurity.

ACS Style

Kristen Lowitt; Katherine Gray-Donald; Gordon M. Hickey; Arlette Saint Ville; Isabella Francis-Granderson; Chandra A. Madramootoo; Leroy E. Phillip. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Kristen Lowitt, Katherine Gray-Donald, Gordon M. Hickey, Arlette Saint Ville, Isabella Francis-Granderson, Chandra A. Madramootoo, Leroy E. Phillip. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristen Lowitt; Katherine Gray-Donald; Gordon M. Hickey; Arlette Saint Ville; Isabella Francis-Granderson; Chandra A. Madramootoo; Leroy E. Phillip. 2018. "The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries." The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries , no. : 1.

Chapter
Published: 16 October 2018 in MARE Publication Series
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Lake Superior is the largest and northernmost of the Great Lakes of North America. It supports a diversity of wildlife and fish species, along with commercial, recreational, and Indigenous fisheries that make vital contributions to nutrition, livelihoods, cultures, and food systems. However, this diversity of social and cultural values is not fully reflected in management practices that tend towards a ‘resourcist’ approach. This chapter seeks to ‘broaden the scope’, proposing a food systems framework as a way of grappling with the wicked problem of Lake Superior fisheries governance. Using a food systems framework, we look at the different values associated with fisheries, including the objective, subjective, and relational contributions they make to Lake Superior food systems. We explore these food-related values attached to fisheries by presenting three illustrative examples: The fisheries of Batchewana First Nation; Eat the Fish, a small business marketing local fish through alternative food networks in Northwestern Ontario; and Bodin’s Fisheries in Wisconsin, a regional fish processor and retail outlet. We conclude by identifying ways of strengthening fisheries contributions to regional food systems and offer a set of transdisciplinary questions on fishery-food system linkages that may assist others in ‘broadening the scope’ of fisheries governance.

ACS Style

Kristen Lowitt; Charles Z. Levkoe; Andrew M. Song; Gordon M. Hickey; Connie Nelson. Broadening the Knowledge Base of Small-Scale Fisheries through a Food Systems Framework: A Case Study of the Lake Superior Region. MARE Publication Series 2018, 75 -90.

AMA Style

Kristen Lowitt, Charles Z. Levkoe, Andrew M. Song, Gordon M. Hickey, Connie Nelson. Broadening the Knowledge Base of Small-Scale Fisheries through a Food Systems Framework: A Case Study of the Lake Superior Region. MARE Publication Series. 2018; ():75-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristen Lowitt; Charles Z. Levkoe; Andrew M. Song; Gordon M. Hickey; Connie Nelson. 2018. "Broadening the Knowledge Base of Small-Scale Fisheries through a Food Systems Framework: A Case Study of the Lake Superior Region." MARE Publication Series , no. : 75-90.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Agricultural Systems
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Research has identified an urgent need to renew agriculture's traditional design organization and foster more open, decentralized, contextualized and participatory approaches to design and innovation. While the concepts of co-design and co-innovation used in agriculture resemble features of open innovation, they may benefit from ‘inbound open innovation’ themselves through cross-fertilization with management studies, design science, science and technology studies, and organization studies. This special issue brings together different streams of research providing novel perspectives on co-design and co-innovation in agriculture, including methods, tools and organizations. It compares empirical experiences and theoretical advances to address a variety of issues (e.g., innovation ecosystems, collective design management, participatory design methods, affordances of system analysis tools and network leadership) that shed new light on co-design and co-innovation in support of sustainable agriculture and more broadly transitions towards a diversity of food systems and a circular bioeconomy. This introductory paper presents crosscutting insights and distills from these three directions for future research and practice in agricultural design and innovation: 1) Further opening design and innovation techniques and tools to better account for visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory expressions in evolving designs and what they afford users; 2) Further opening innovation networks in view of creating and stimulating integrative niches that can foster sustainability transitions, which also requires network managers instilling a reflexive stance of network members and broader awareness of power structures attached to organizational, sector and paradigmatic silos in agricultural systems; and 3) Further opening the range of innovation actors to include non-human actants to better account for the agency of the material and ecological.

ACS Style

Elsa T. Berthet; Gordon Hickey; Laurens Klerkx. Opening design and innovation processes in agriculture: Insights from design and management sciences and future directions. Agricultural Systems 2018, 165, 111 -115.

AMA Style

Elsa T. Berthet, Gordon Hickey, Laurens Klerkx. Opening design and innovation processes in agriculture: Insights from design and management sciences and future directions. Agricultural Systems. 2018; 165 ():111-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elsa T. Berthet; Gordon Hickey; Laurens Klerkx. 2018. "Opening design and innovation processes in agriculture: Insights from design and management sciences and future directions." Agricultural Systems 165, no. : 111-115.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2018 in Land Use Policy
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In this paper, we seek to better understand the temporal and spatial aspects of climatic stress on local resource production systems and resource-use behaviors by including the perspectives of resource-dependent communities. Field research was conducted over a nine-month period in the remote north-eastern floodplain communities of Bangladesh, considered one of the most climate-vulnerable, least developed and under-studied regions in the country. This area is heavily dominated by wetland ecosystems, and subjected to regular seasonal flood and extreme rainfall events. Beyond these regular stresses, flash-floods and drought are the two most destructive climatic stresses on livelihood sustainability in the area. Data were collected in 12 villages bordering two significant wetlands (Hakaluki haor and Tanguar haor), involving focus group discussions (n = 14), key informant interviews (n = 35) and household surveys (n = 356). Our results show that climatic stresses on rural livelihoods are catalyzed by human-induced environmental degradation and local resource use behaviors, contextual features that include both socio-economic and bio-physical properties. A climatic event appeared as a stress to livelihood sustainability when it happened in an untimely manner (e.g., flooding during resource harvesting periods) and directly affected the production process (e.g., agriculture and fisheries). We also found that human stress perceptions varied with the level of locally-driven innovation and adoption of technologies, which supports the important role of local experience and knowledge in adaptation planning. Further research is needed into how communities in different settings are already organizing to manage perceived climatic stresses, including traditional knowledge systems, local innovation networks and livelihood practices to help better contextualize adaptation policy.

ACS Style

H.M. Tuihedur Rahman; Ekhlas Mia; James D. Ford; Brian E. Robinson; Gordon M. Hickey. Livelihood exposure to climatic stresses in the north-eastern floodplains of Bangladesh. Land Use Policy 2018, 79, 199 -214.

AMA Style

H.M. Tuihedur Rahman, Ekhlas Mia, James D. Ford, Brian E. Robinson, Gordon M. Hickey. Livelihood exposure to climatic stresses in the north-eastern floodplains of Bangladesh. Land Use Policy. 2018; 79 ():199-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.M. Tuihedur Rahman; Ekhlas Mia; James D. Ford; Brian E. Robinson; Gordon M. Hickey. 2018. "Livelihood exposure to climatic stresses in the north-eastern floodplains of Bangladesh." Land Use Policy 79, no. : 199-214.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Ecological Economics
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ACS Style

H.M. Tuihedur Rahman; Brian Robinson; James D. Ford; Gordon Hickey. How Do Capital Asset Interactions Affect Livelihood Sensitivity to Climatic Stresses? Insights From the Northeastern Floodplains of Bangladesh. Ecological Economics 2018, 150, 165 -176.

AMA Style

H.M. Tuihedur Rahman, Brian Robinson, James D. Ford, Gordon Hickey. How Do Capital Asset Interactions Affect Livelihood Sensitivity to Climatic Stresses? Insights From the Northeastern Floodplains of Bangladesh. Ecological Economics. 2018; 150 ():165-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.M. Tuihedur Rahman; Brian Robinson; James D. Ford; Gordon Hickey. 2018. "How Do Capital Asset Interactions Affect Livelihood Sensitivity to Climatic Stresses? Insights From the Northeastern Floodplains of Bangladesh." Ecological Economics 150, no. : 165-176.