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Endophthalmitis is a devastating infection that can cause blindness. Over half of Bacillus endophthalmitis cases result in significant loss of useful vision. Bacillus produces many virulence factors that may contribute to retinal damage and robust inflammation. We analyzed Bacillus immune inhibitor A (InhA) metalloproteases in the context of this disease, hypothesizing that InhAs contribute to Bacillus intraocular virulence and inflammation. We analyzed phenotypes and infectivity of wild type (WT), InhA1-deficient (Δ inhA1 ), InhA2-deficient (Δ inhA2 ), or InhA1, A2, and A3-deficient (Δ inhA1-3 ) Bacillus thuringiensis . In vitro analysis of growth, proteolysis, and cytotoxicity were compared. WT and InhA mutants were similarly cytotoxic to retinal cells. Mutants Δ inhA1 and Δ inhA2 entered log phase growth earlier than WT. Proteolysis by the Δ inhA1-3 mutant was decreased, but this strain grew similar to WT in vitro . Experimental endophthalmitis was initiated by intravitreally infecting C57BL/6J mice with 200 CFU of B. thuringiensis WT or InhA mutants. Eyes were analyzed for intraocular Bacillus and myeloperoxidase concentrations, retinal function loss, and gross histological changes. Eyes infected with Δ inhA1 or Δ inhA2 strains contained greater numbers of bacteria than eyes infected with WT throughout the infection course. Eyes infected with single mutants had inflammation and retinal function loss similar to eyes infected with WT strain. Eyes infected with Δ inhA1-3 cleared the infection. RT-PCR results suggested that there may be compensatory expression of the other InhAs in the single InhA mutant. These results indicate that together, the InhA metalloproteases contribute to the severity of infection and inflammation in Bacillus endophthalmitis.
Erin Livingston; Huzzatul Mursalin; Phillip S. Coburn; Roger Astley; Frederick C. Miller; Omar Amayem; Didier Lereclus; Michelle C. Callegan. Immune Inhibitor A Metalloproteases Contribute to Virulence in Bacillus Endophthalmitis. Infection and Immunity 2021, IAI0020121 .
AMA StyleErin Livingston, Huzzatul Mursalin, Phillip S. Coburn, Roger Astley, Frederick C. Miller, Omar Amayem, Didier Lereclus, Michelle C. Callegan. Immune Inhibitor A Metalloproteases Contribute to Virulence in Bacillus Endophthalmitis. Infection and Immunity. 2021; ():IAI0020121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErin Livingston; Huzzatul Mursalin; Phillip S. Coburn; Roger Astley; Frederick C. Miller; Omar Amayem; Didier Lereclus; Michelle C. Callegan. 2021. "Immune Inhibitor A Metalloproteases Contribute to Virulence in Bacillus Endophthalmitis." Infection and Immunity , no. : IAI0020121.
Bacillus cereus is recognized as a causative agent of gastrointestinal syndromes, but can also cause a devastating form of intraocular infection known as endophthalmitis. We have previously reported that the PlcR/PapR master virulence factor regulator system regulates intraocular virulence, and that the S-layer protein (SlpA) contributes to the severity of B. cereus endophthalmitis. To better understand the role of other B. cereus virulence genes in endophthalmitis, expression of a subset of factors was measured at the midpoint of disease progression in a murine model of endophthalmitis by RNA-Seq. Several cytolytic toxins were expressed at significantly higher levels in vivo than in BHI. The virulence regulators codY, gntR, and nprR were also expressed in vivo. However, at this timepoint, plcR/papR was not detectable, although we previously reported that a B. cereus mutant deficient in PlcR was attenuated in the eye. The motility-related genes fla, fliF, and motB, and the chemotaxis-related gene cheA were detected during infection. We have shown previously that motility and chemotaxis phenotypes are important in B. cereus endophthalmitis. The sodA2 variant of manganese superoxide dismutase was the most highly expressed gene in vivo. Expression of the surface layer protein gene, slpA, an activator of Toll-like receptors (TLR)−2 and −4, was also detected during infection, albeit at low levels. Genes expressed in a mouse model of Bacillus endophthalmitis might play crucial roles in the unique virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis, and serve as candidates for novel therapies designed to attenuate the severity of this often blinding infection.
Phillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Morgan A. Enty; Craig Land; Austin L. LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C. Callegan. The Bacillus virulome in endophthalmitis. Microbiology 2021, 167, 001057 .
AMA StylePhillip S. Coburn, Frederick C. Miller, Morgan A. Enty, Craig Land, Austin L. LaGrow, Huzzatul Mursalin, Michelle C. Callegan. The Bacillus virulome in endophthalmitis. Microbiology. 2021; 167 (5):001057.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Morgan A. Enty; Craig Land; Austin L. LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C. Callegan. 2021. "The Bacillus virulome in endophthalmitis." Microbiology 167, no. 5: 001057.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant opportunistic pathogen responsible for a variety of human infections. Its high pathogenicity resides in a diverse array of virulence factors and an ability to adapt to hostile environments. We report that these factors are tied to the activity of condensins, SMC and MksBEF, which primarily function in structural chromosome maintenance. This study revealed that both proteins are required for P. aeruginosa virulence during corneal infection. The reduction in virulence was traced to broad changes in gene expression. Transcriptional signatures of smc and mksB mutants were largely dissimilar and non-additive, with the double mutant displaying a distinct gene expression profile. Affected regulons included those responsible for lifestyle control, primary metabolism, surface adhesion and biofilm growth, iron and sulfur assimilation, and denitrification. Additionally, numerous virulence factors were affected, including type 3 and type 6 secretion systems, hemagglutinin, pyocin and macroglobulin production, and a host of virulence regulators. in vitro properties of condensin mutants mirrored their transcriptional profiles. MksB-deficient cells were impaired in pyocyanin, c-di-GMP production, and sessile growth whereas smc mutants mildly upregulated c-di-GMP, secreted fewer proteases and were growth deficient under nutrient-limiting conditions. Moreover, condensin mutants displayed an abnormal regulation upon transition to stationary phase. These data reveal that condensins are integrated into the control of multiple genetic programs related to epigenetic and virulent behavior, establishing condensins as an essential factor in P. aeruginosa ocular infections.
Hang Zhao; April L. Clevenger; Phillip S. Coburn; Michelle C. Callegan; Valentin V Rybenkov. Condensins are essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal virulence through their control of phenotypic programs. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleHang Zhao, April L. Clevenger, Phillip S. Coburn, Michelle C. Callegan, Valentin V Rybenkov. Condensins are essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal virulence through their control of phenotypic programs. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHang Zhao; April L. Clevenger; Phillip S. Coburn; Michelle C. Callegan; Valentin V Rybenkov. 2020. "Condensins are essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal virulence through their control of phenotypic programs." , no. : 1.
Bacterial endophthalmitis is a devastating infection that can cause blindness following the introduction of organisms into the posterior segment of the eye. Over half of Bacillus endophthalmitis cases result in significant loss of useful vision. Often, these eyes have to be enucleated. Bacillus produces many virulence factors in the eye that may contribute to retinal damage and robust inflammation. This study analyzed Bacillus immune inhibitor A (InhA) metalloproteases, which digest extracellular matrix, tight junction proteins, and antimicrobial proteins. We hypothesized that InhAs contribute to Bacillus intraocular virulence and inflammation. We analyzed phenotypes and infectivity of wild type (WT), InhA1-deficient (ΔinhA1), InhA2-deficient (ΔinhA2), or InhA1, A2, and A3-deficient (ΔinhA1-3) Bacillus thuringiensis. In vitro analysis of growth, proteolysis, and cytotoxicity were compared between B. thuringiensis strains. WT and InhA mutants were similarly cytotoxic to retinal cells. Mutant ΔinhA1 and ΔinhA2 entered log phase growth earlier than WT. Proteolysis of the ΔinhA1-3 mutant was decreased, but this strain grew similar to WT in vitro. Experimental endophthalmitis was initiated by intravitreally infecting C57BL/6J mice with 200 CFU of B. thuringiensis WT or InhA mutants. Intraocular Bacillus and retinal function loss were quantified. Intraocular myeloperoxidase concentrations were quantified and histology was analyzed. Eyes infected with ΔinhA1 or ΔinhA2 strains contained greater numbers of bacteria than eyes infected with WT throughout the course of infection. Eyes infected with single mutants had inflammation and retinal function loss similar to eyes infected with WT strain. Eyes infected with ΔinhA1-3 cleared the infection, with less retinal function loss and inflammation compared to eyes infected with the WT strain. RT-PCR results suggested that single InhA mutant results may be explained by compensatory expression of the other InhAs in these mutants. These results indicate that together, the InhA metalloproteases contribute to the severity of infection and inflammation in Bacillus endophthalmitis.
Erin T Livingston; Huzzatul Mursalin; Phillip S Coburn; Roger Astley; Frederick C Miller; Omar Amayem; Didier Lereclus; Michelle Callegan. Immune Inhibitor A Metalloproteases Contribute to Virulence in Bacillus Endophthalmitis. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleErin T Livingston, Huzzatul Mursalin, Phillip S Coburn, Roger Astley, Frederick C Miller, Omar Amayem, Didier Lereclus, Michelle Callegan. Immune Inhibitor A Metalloproteases Contribute to Virulence in Bacillus Endophthalmitis. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErin T Livingston; Huzzatul Mursalin; Phillip S Coburn; Roger Astley; Frederick C Miller; Omar Amayem; Didier Lereclus; Michelle Callegan. 2020. "Immune Inhibitor A Metalloproteases Contribute to Virulence in Bacillus Endophthalmitis." , no. : 1.
Bacillus cereus is recognized as a causative agent of gastrointestinal syndromes, but can also cause a devastating form of intraocular infection known as endophthalmitis. We have previously reported that the PlcR/PapR master virulence factor regulator system regulates intraocular virulence, and that the S-layer protein (SlpA) contributes to the severity of B. cereus endophthalmitis. To begin to better understand the role of other B. cereus virulence genes in endophthalmitis, expression levels of a subset of factors was measured at the midpoint of disease progression in a murine model of experimental endophthalmitis by RNA-Seq. Several cytolytic toxins were expressed at significantly higher levels in vivo than in BHI. The virulence regulators codY, gntR, and nprR were also expressed in vivo. However, at this timepoint, plcR/papR was not detectable, we previously reported that a B. cereus mutant deficient in PlcR was attenuated in the eye. The motility-related genes fla, fliF, and motB, and the chemotaxis-related gene cheA were detected during infection. We have shown previously that motility and chemotaxis phenotypes are important in B. cereus endophthalmitis. The sodA2 variant of manganese superoxide dismutase was the most highly expression gene in vivo, suggesting that this gene is criticial for intraocular survival, potentially through inhibition of neutrophil activity. Expression of the surface layer protein gene, slpA, an activator of Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and -4, and a potent contributor to intraocular inflammation and disease severvity, was also detected during infection, albeit at low levels. In summary, genes expressed in a mouse model of Bacillus endophthalmitis might prove to play crucial roles in the unique virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis, and serve as candidates for novel therapies designed attenuate the severity of this often blinding infection.
Phillip S Coburn; Frederick C Miller; Morgan A Enty; Craig Land; Austin L LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C Callegan. The Bacillus Virulome in Endophthalmitis. 2020, 1 .
AMA StylePhillip S Coburn, Frederick C Miller, Morgan A Enty, Craig Land, Austin L LaGrow, Huzzatul Mursalin, Michelle C Callegan. The Bacillus Virulome in Endophthalmitis. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillip S Coburn; Frederick C Miller; Morgan A Enty; Craig Land; Austin L LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C Callegan. 2020. "The Bacillus Virulome in Endophthalmitis." , no. : 1.
Bacillus cereus produces many factors linked to pathogenesis and is recognized for causing gastrointestinal toxemia and infections. B. cereus also causes a fulminant and often blinding intraocular infection called endophthalmitis. We reported that the PlcR/PapR system regulates intraocular virulence, but the specific factors that contribute to B. cereus virulence in the eye remain elusive. Here, we compared gene expression in ex vivo vitreous humor with expression in Luria Bertani (LB) and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth by RNA-Seq. The expression of several cytolytic toxins in vitreous was less than or similar to levels observed in BHI or LB. Regulators of virulence genes, including PlcR/PapR, were expressed in vitreous. PlcR/PapR was expressed at low levels, though we reported that PlcR-deficient B. cereus was attenuated in the eye. Chemotaxis and motility genes were expressed at similar levels in LB and BHI, but at low to undetectable levels in vitreous, although motility is an important phenotype for B. cereus in the eye. Superoxide dismutase, a potential inhibitor of neutrophil activity in the eye during infection, was the most highly expressed gene in vitreous. Genes previously reported to be important to intraocular virulence were expressed at low levels in vitreous under these conditions, possibly because in vivo cues are required for higher level expression. Genes expressed in vitreous may contribute to the unique virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis, and future analysis of the B. cereus virulome in the eye will identify those expressed in vivo, which could potentially be targeted to arrest virulence.
Phillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Morgan A. Enty; Craig Land; Austin L. LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C. Callegan. Expression of Bacillus cereus Virulence-Related Genes in an Ocular Infection-Related Environment. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 607 .
AMA StylePhillip S. Coburn, Frederick C. Miller, Morgan A. Enty, Craig Land, Austin L. LaGrow, Huzzatul Mursalin, Michelle C. Callegan. Expression of Bacillus cereus Virulence-Related Genes in an Ocular Infection-Related Environment. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (4):607.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Morgan A. Enty; Craig Land; Austin L. LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C. Callegan. 2020. "Expression of Bacillus cereus Virulence-Related Genes in an Ocular Infection-Related Environment." Microorganisms 8, no. 4: 607.
Bacillus cereus produces many factors linked to pathogenesis and is recognized for causing gastrointestinal toxemia and infections. B. cereus also causes a fulminant and often blinding intraocular infection called endophthalmitis. We reported that the PlcR/PapR system regulates intraocular virulence, but the specific factors that contribute to B. cereus virulence in the eye remain elusive. Here, we compared gene expression in ex vivo vitreous humor with expression in Luria Bertani (LB) and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth by RNA-Seq. The expression of several cytolytic toxins in vitreous was less than or similar to levels observed in BHI or LB. Regulators of virulence genes, including PlcR/PapR, were expressed in vitreous. PlcR/PapR was expressed at low levels, though we had reported that PlcR-deficient B. cereus was attenuated in the eye. Chemotaxis and motility genes were expressed at similar levels in LB and BHI, but at low to undetectable levels in vitreous, although motility is an important phenotype for B. cereus in the eye. Superoxide dismutase, a potential inhibitor of neutrophil activity in the eye during infection, was the most highly expressed gene in vitreous. Genes previously reported to be important to intraocular virulence were expressed at low levels in vitreous under these conditions, possibly because in vivo cues are required for higher level expression. Genes expressed in vitreous may contribute to the unique virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis, and future analysis of the B. cereus virulome in the eye will identify those expressed in vivo, which could potentially be targeted to arrest virulence.Impact statementB. cereus is the causative agent of gastrointestinal infections, but can also cause a serious infection of the eye that often results in blindness or enucleation. Current therapeutic measures often fail to mitigate these poor outcomes. This necessitates the development of new treatment modalities based on new targets. To begin to better define those B. cereus factors with roles in intraocular infection, we analyzed the expression of genes related to gastrointestinal infections, as well as those with both known and hypothesized roles in intraocular infections, after growth in an ex vivo vitreous. Potentially targetable candidate genes were demonstrated to be expressed in vitreous, which suggests that these genes might contribute to the unique virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis. Importantly, our results lay the groundwork for assessing the expression of these genes in vivo and defining the virulome of B. cereus in intraocular infections.
Phillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Morgan A. Enty; Craig Land; Austin L. LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C. Callegan. Expression of Bacillus cereus Virulence-Related Genes in an Ocular Infection-Related Environment. 2020, 1 .
AMA StylePhillip S. Coburn, Frederick C. Miller, Morgan A. Enty, Craig Land, Austin L. LaGrow, Huzzatul Mursalin, Michelle C. Callegan. Expression of Bacillus cereus Virulence-Related Genes in an Ocular Infection-Related Environment. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Morgan A. Enty; Craig Land; Austin L. LaGrow; Huzzatul Mursalin; Michelle C. Callegan. 2020. "Expression of Bacillus cereus Virulence-Related Genes in an Ocular Infection-Related Environment." , no. : 1.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of the eye, capable of infecting external tissues such as the tear duct, conjunctiva, and the cornea, as well the inner and more delicate anterior and posterior chambers. S. aureus produces numerous toxins and enzymes capable of causing profound damage to tissues and organs, as well as modulating the immune response to these infections. Unfortunately, in the context of ocular infections, this can mean blindness for the patient. The role of α-toxin in corneal infection (keratitis) and infection of the interior of the eye (endophthalmitis) has been well established by comparing virulence in animal models and α-toxin-deficient isogenic mutants with their wild-type parental strains. The importance of other toxins, such as β-toxin, γ-toxin, and Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), have been analyzed to a lesser degree and their roles in eye infections are less clear. Other toxins such as the phenol-soluble modulins have yet to be examined in any animal models for their contributions to virulence in eye infections. This review discusses the state of current knowledge of the roles of S. aureus toxins in eye infections and the controversies existing as a result of the use of different infection models. The strengths and limitations of these ocular infection models are discussed, as well as the need for physiological relevance in the study of staphylococcal toxins in these models.
Roger Astley; Frederick C. Miller; Huzzatul Mursalin; Phillip S. Coburn; Michelle C. Callegan. An Eye on Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Roles in Ocular Damage and Inflammation. Toxins 2019, 11, 356 .
AMA StyleRoger Astley, Frederick C. Miller, Huzzatul Mursalin, Phillip S. Coburn, Michelle C. Callegan. An Eye on Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Roles in Ocular Damage and Inflammation. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoger Astley; Frederick C. Miller; Huzzatul Mursalin; Phillip S. Coburn; Michelle C. Callegan. 2019. "An Eye on Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Roles in Ocular Damage and Inflammation." Toxins 11, no. 6: 356.
Endophthalmitis is a serious intraocular infection that frequently results in significant inflammation and vision loss. Because current therapeutics are often unsuccessful in mitigating damaging inflammation during endophthalmitis, more rational targets are needed. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific motifs on invading pathogens and initiate the innate inflammatory response. We reported that TLR4 contributes to the robust inflammation which is a hallmark of Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. To identify novel, targetable host inflammatory factors in this disease, we performed microarray analysis to detect TLR4-dependent changes to the retinal transcriptome during B. cereus endophthalmitis. C57BL/6 J and TLR4-/- mouse eyes were infected with B. cereus and retinas were harvested at 4 h postinfection, a time representing the earliest onset of neutrophil infiltration. Genes related to acute inflammation and inflammatory cell recruitment including CXCL1 (KC), CXCL2 (MIP2-α), CXCL10 (IP-10), CCL2 (MCP1), and CCL3 (MIP1-α)) were significantly upregulated 5-fold or greater in C57BL/6 J retinas. The immune modulator IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM1, and the inhibitor of cytokine signal transduction SOCS3 were upregulated 25-, 11-, and 10-fold, respectively, in these retinas. LIF, which is crucial for photoreceptor cell survival, was increased 6-fold. PTGS2/COX-2, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2, was upregulated 9-fold. PTX3, typically produced in response to TLR engagement, was induced 15-fold. None of the aforementioned genes were upregulated in TLR4-/- retinas following B. cereus infection. Our results have identified a cohort of mediators driven by TLR4 that may be important in regulating pro-inflammatory and protective pathways in the retina in response to B. cereus intraocular infection. This supports the prospect that blocking the activation of TLR-based pathways might serve as alternative targets for Gram-positive and Gram-negative endophthalmitis therapies in general.
Phillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Austin L. LaGrow; Salai Madhumathi Parkunan; C. Blake Randall; Rachel L. Staats; Michelle C. Callegan. TLR4 modulates inflammatory gene targets in the retina during Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. BMC Ophthalmology 2018, 18, 96 .
AMA StylePhillip S. Coburn, Frederick C. Miller, Austin L. LaGrow, Salai Madhumathi Parkunan, C. Blake Randall, Rachel L. Staats, Michelle C. Callegan. TLR4 modulates inflammatory gene targets in the retina during Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. BMC Ophthalmology. 2018; 18 (1):96.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Austin L. LaGrow; Salai Madhumathi Parkunan; C. Blake Randall; Rachel L. Staats; Michelle C. Callegan. 2018. "TLR4 modulates inflammatory gene targets in the retina during Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis." BMC Ophthalmology 18, no. 1: 96.
Bacterial endophthalmitis is a potentially blinding intraocular infection. The bacterium Bacillus cereus causes a devastating form of this disease which progresses rapidly, resulting in significant inflammation and loss of vision within a few days. The outer surface of B. cereus incites the intraocular inflammatory response, likely through interactions with innate immune receptors such as TLRs. This study analyzed the role of B. cereus pili, adhesion appendages located on the bacterial surface, in experimental endophthalmitis. To test the hypothesis that the presence of pili contributed to intraocular inflammation and virulence, we analyzed the progress of experimental endophthalmitis in mouse eyes infected with wild type B. cereus (ATCC 14579) or its isogenic pilus-deficient mutant (ΔbcpA-srtD-bcpB or ΔPil). One hundred CFU were injected into the mid-vitreous of one eye of each mouse. Infections were analyzed by quantifying intraocular bacilli and retinal function loss, and by histology from 0 to 12 h postinfection. In vitro growth and hemolytic phenotypes of the infecting strains were also compared. There was no difference in hemolytic activity (1:8 titer), motility, or in vitro growth (p > 0.05, every 2 h, 0–18 h) between wild type B. cereus and the ΔPil mutant. However, infected eyes contained greater numbers of wild type B. cereus than ΔPil during the infection course (p ≤ 0.05, 3–12 h). Eyes infected with wild type B. cereus experienced greater losses in retinal function than eyes infected with the ΔPil mutant, but the differences were not always significant. Eyes infected with ΔPil or wild type B. cereus achieved similar degrees of severe inflammation. The results indicated that the intraocular growth of pilus-deficient B. cereus may have been better controlled, leading to a trend of greater retinal function in eyes infected with the pilus-deficient strain. Although this difference was not enough to significantly alter the severity of the inflammatory response, these results suggest a potential role for pili in protecting B. cereus from clearance during the early stages of endophthalmitis, which is a newly described virulence mechanism for this organism and this infection.
Michelle C. Callegan; Salai Madhumathi Parkunan; C. Blake Randall; Phillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Austin L. LaGrow; Roger A. Astley; Craig Land; So-Young Oh; Olaf Schneewind. The role of pili in Bacillus cereus intraocular infection. Experimental Eye Research 2017, 159, 69 -76.
AMA StyleMichelle C. Callegan, Salai Madhumathi Parkunan, C. Blake Randall, Phillip S. Coburn, Frederick C. Miller, Austin L. LaGrow, Roger A. Astley, Craig Land, So-Young Oh, Olaf Schneewind. The role of pili in Bacillus cereus intraocular infection. Experimental Eye Research. 2017; 159 ():69-76.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichelle C. Callegan; Salai Madhumathi Parkunan; C. Blake Randall; Phillip S. Coburn; Frederick C. Miller; Austin L. LaGrow; Roger A. Astley; Craig Land; So-Young Oh; Olaf Schneewind. 2017. "The role of pili in Bacillus cereus intraocular infection." Experimental Eye Research 159, no. : 69-76.