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Spain is the second highest rice-producing country in the European Union, with approximately 105,000 ha used to grow this crop. The major rice-producing regions in Spain are Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, and Valencia, followed by Aragon and Navarre. The main soil texture throughout Spanish rice areas is silty clay loam, with alkaline soils (pH > 7.5)—except in the Extremadura area (pH = 5.5–6)—and a low organic matter content. Water quality in terms of salinity is acceptable, although in some coastal rice areas salinity issues occasionally appear to be a determining factor for high yield achievement. According to a survey carried out on farmers and technicians, the most problematic weeds found in rice crops today in Spain are Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus difformis. Most of the currently authorized herbicides can be classified according to two modes of action: ALS-inhibiting and ACCase-inhibiting. Repeated field applications of herbicides with the same mode of action have resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weeds. At present, resistance has been confirmed in different regions of Spain to ALS inhibitors in Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus difformis, and to ACCase inhibitors in Echinochloa spp. and Leptochloa spp. The mechanism of resistance in these species is a mutation in the target site of these herbicides. Several mutations have been found in the ALS gene, both in Echinochloa spp. and Cyperus difformis, distributed in the different rice-growing regions considered in this work. ACCase gene mutations have been mainly found in Leptochloa spp. individuals from Extremadura and Valencia. These different mutations have resulted in different patterns of cross-resistance to ALS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. It is likely that the repeated use of these two modes of action in rice will result in the evolution of more resistant weed populations. The possible availability of new herbicides with alternative modes of action in a short space of time seems very limited, suggesting the need for a more appropriate use of the available alternative strategies (crop rotation, dry sowing, manual weeding, etc.). This work presents a review of the main characteristics of rice cultivation in Spain, emphasizing the current problems in this crop and the management of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Diego Gómez de Barreda; Gabriel Pardo; José Osca; Mar Catala-Forner; Silvia Consola; Irache Garnica; Nuria López-Martínez; José Palmerín; Maria Osuna. An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1095 .
AMA StyleDiego Gómez de Barreda, Gabriel Pardo, José Osca, Mar Catala-Forner, Silvia Consola, Irache Garnica, Nuria López-Martínez, José Palmerín, Maria Osuna. An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1095.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Gómez de Barreda; Gabriel Pardo; José Osca; Mar Catala-Forner; Silvia Consola; Irache Garnica; Nuria López-Martínez; José Palmerín; Maria Osuna. 2021. "An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1095.
The species belonging to the genus Echinochloa represent the main weeds in rice fields worldwide. Heavy soils are especially appropriate for this crop that is often grown in monoculture. A drought period in 2012 impeded farmers from sowing rice in some parts of the region of Aragon (northeastern Spain) and, unusually, they seeded alternative crops such as winter cereal, fescue (Festuca arundinacea), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). A total of 20 fields were selected, in which rice had been grown in monocrop until 2011 and several crop sequences were established afterwards; weed vegetation was recorded in spring, summer and autumn 2014-16 to find out if the crop rotations reduced weed infestations. Winter cereal and fescue were the crops with the highest soil cover; ryegrass and lucerne had difficulties in installation probably due to the heavy soil textures. Echinochloa spp. plants were found in the winter cereal stubble after having grown fescue for the previous two years and rice before that; in the forage fields, small plants of earing Echinochloa spp. adapted to mowing were detected. Recommendations for Integrated Weed Management that arise from the observations are ploughing the winter cereal stubble before seed shed of the emerged Echinochloa plants, assuring a high density of the forage crops, and efficient herbicide control in rice fields.
Gabriel Pardo; Ana Marí; Joaquín Aibar; Alicia Cirujeda. Do Crop Rotations in Rice Reduce Weed and Echinochloa spp. Infestations? Recommendations for Integrated Weed Control. Agronomy 2021, 11, 454 .
AMA StyleGabriel Pardo, Ana Marí, Joaquín Aibar, Alicia Cirujeda. Do Crop Rotations in Rice Reduce Weed and Echinochloa spp. Infestations? Recommendations for Integrated Weed Control. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (3):454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Pardo; Ana Marí; Joaquín Aibar; Alicia Cirujeda. 2021. "Do Crop Rotations in Rice Reduce Weed and Echinochloa spp. Infestations? Recommendations for Integrated Weed Control." Agronomy 11, no. 3: 454.
Herbicide weed control is difficult in the first years of perennial crop establishment or in minor crops, and plastic sheet mulches can leave persistent residues. Liquid spray-on mulch (hydromulch) might be a solution in these cases. To test three hydromulch formulations on perennial weed emergence, greenhouse assays were conducted for two years in two localities to evaluate their rhizome sprouting and shoot emergence. Data, obtained from a completely randomized block design, were analyzed by means of generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution and logit link function; the effects of hydromulch, species, and their interaction were considered fixed, while the other sources of variation (i.e., locality, year, block and rhizome length) were considered random. All three hydromulches, based on wheat straw, rice husk, and used substrate for mushroom cultivation, were capable of reducing rhizome sprouting of all four species tested when compared to the non-mulched treatment. Many rhizomes sprouted but were trapped under the mulch layer, especially those of Paspalum dilatatum (87%), Cynodon dactylon, and Sorghum halepense (around 50%), while Cyperus rotundus was least affected by the hydromulch treatments (16%). All three blends showed promising results in the reduction of perennial weed emergence, warranting field trials to test combined weed management strategies.
Maria Mas; Gabriel Pardo; Jorge Pueyo; Antoni Verdú; Alicia Cirujeda. Can Hydromulch Reduce the Emergence of Perennial Weeds? Agronomy 2021, 11, 393 .
AMA StyleMaria Mas, Gabriel Pardo, Jorge Pueyo, Antoni Verdú, Alicia Cirujeda. Can Hydromulch Reduce the Emergence of Perennial Weeds? Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Mas; Gabriel Pardo; Jorge Pueyo; Antoni Verdú; Alicia Cirujeda. 2021. "Can Hydromulch Reduce the Emergence of Perennial Weeds?" Agronomy 11, no. 2: 393.
Spatial externalities, such as the sharing of harvesting equipment by many farmers, have an impact on the control of invasive species in the agricultural environment. In these cases, the regulator must design a set of measures to promote coordinated control by affected parties. We aim to analyze the determinants of private versus collective control efforts in the case of a particular invasive species (teosinte) occurring as a weed in corn fields throughout North-Eastern Spain. Using a simple discrete space-dynamic framework, we model the effect of the decisions made by the farmer of an infested plot on a noninfested plot, with the harvester being the only potential pathway for the invader to spread and assuming a one-way invasion. The results reveal that failure to adopt optimal cooperative strategies causes losses to other plots if they become infested amounting to an annual average of EUR 322/ha, when the infestation is low, and EUR 364/ha, when it is high. Results suggest that cleaning the harvester, a measure currently recommended by the regulatory agency in low-infestation cases but that does not guarantee that the machine is completely clean, is not socially optimal if monocropping practices are permitted in the region.
Gabriel Pardo; Miguel Gómez; Alicia Cirujeda; Yolanda Martínez. Economic Costs of Sharing the Harvester in the Control of an Invasive Weed. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9046 .
AMA StyleGabriel Pardo, Miguel Gómez, Alicia Cirujeda, Yolanda Martínez. Economic Costs of Sharing the Harvester in the Control of an Invasive Weed. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Pardo; Miguel Gómez; Alicia Cirujeda; Yolanda Martínez. 2020. "Economic Costs of Sharing the Harvester in the Control of an Invasive Weed." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9046.
Spreading of hydromulch as a crop management technique might show important advantages over plastic films for weed control, because it can be applied anywhere in a field, even in orchard and vineyard rows. In the present work, 24 blends were prepared by mixing paper pulp, from recovered paper and cardboard coming from paper mills, with different additives: (a) wheat straw, rice hulls, and substrate used for mushroom cultivation on the one hand as fillers, and (b) rice bran, white glue, sodium silicate, and powered gypsum on the other hand as agglomerating agents. The blends were tested with a texture analyser to evaluate their mechanical properties, testing the puncture resistance (24 blends) and the tensile strength (15 blends). Scanning electron photomicrographs of some blends were obtained in order to explore the relationship between their components and the mechanical properties. The results indicate that a blend prepared with paper pulp, wheat straw sieved at 2.5 mm and gypsum attained the highest stress resistance and tensile strength. An environmentally controlled experiment was performed on this and another hydromulch in which rice husk substituted wheat straw to evaluate their efficiency for reducing weed seedling emergence, using propagules of four common summer weeds. Compared with the control treatment performed, the hydromulches reduced seedling emergence from 64.6% to 95.9%. In general, the percentage of dead seedlings underneath was greater than that which passed through the barrier, making the hydromulches promising tools for preventing seedling emergence and for managing the weed seed bank in field conditions.
Josep Claramunt; M. Teresa Mas; Gabriel Pardo; Alicia Cirujeda; Antoni M.C. Verdú. Mechanical characterization of blends containing recycled paper pulp and other lignocellulosic materials to develop hydromulches for weed control. Biosystems Engineering 2020, 191, 35 -47.
AMA StyleJosep Claramunt, M. Teresa Mas, Gabriel Pardo, Alicia Cirujeda, Antoni M.C. Verdú. Mechanical characterization of blends containing recycled paper pulp and other lignocellulosic materials to develop hydromulches for weed control. Biosystems Engineering. 2020; 191 ():35-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosep Claramunt; M. Teresa Mas; Gabriel Pardo; Alicia Cirujeda; Antoni M.C. Verdú. 2020. "Mechanical characterization of blends containing recycled paper pulp and other lignocellulosic materials to develop hydromulches for weed control." Biosystems Engineering 191, no. : 35-47.
More than half of the plastic used in Spain for mulching in agriculture is black polyethylene (PE) mulch. It has been widely adopted due to its low price and ease of installation. The mass use of this material entails a number of disadvantages: the cost of removing fragments from fields after use, the difficulty of managing the waste, and deficient weed control of some species such as purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), which is capable of piercing the film. The objective of this work was thus to find alternative materials in horticultural crops in order to reduce these drawbacks. In the present document, we describe the trials carried out in Zaragoza (Spain) from 2012 to 2015 in pepper with various different biodegradable materials in order to find agronomically viable alternatives to PE. Plots were distributed randomly in four blocks and 6–9 different treatments were studied depending on the year, including an unweeded plot. In total, 11 different mulches were tested: 5 biodegradable plastic films, 5 paper mulches and PE. Weed density, mulch degradation and pepper production were evaluated. Biodegradable plastic films and PE were not good options for purple nutsedge control (mean efficacy of 48 %) and only paper mulches controlled this species effectively, as the leaves were unable to pierce the material. The above-soil part of most mulches was intact 15 days after transplant (DAT) and degradation increased in time in all materials excepting PE. In-soil degradation was generally faster for papers than for biodegradable plastics, except in 2015, when the plastic mulching materials suffered early fractures due to a windy spring with exceptionally high solar radiation. Rapid degradation of some paper mulches occurred before the crop covered the soil, which can be a serious problem in windy areas because the material can be lifted by gusts of wind. Earthing up along the edges of the materials 10–15 days after transplanting would solve this problem. Pepper production was similar for all materials in 2012–14 and the differences found in 2015 cannot be attributed to the mulches but to the irregular crop density due to high mortality of pepper seedlings during that year. The biodegradable mulches tested are thus considered to be technically viable alternatives to PE. Paper mulches are recommended for purple nutsedge infestations, while biodegradable films can be used for annual weed infestations.
A.I. Marí; Gabriel Pardo; J. Aibar; A. Cirujeda. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) control with biodegradable mulches and its effect on fresh pepper production. Scientia Horticulturae 2019, 263, 109111 .
AMA StyleA.I. Marí, Gabriel Pardo, J. Aibar, A. Cirujeda. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) control with biodegradable mulches and its effect on fresh pepper production. Scientia Horticulturae. 2019; 263 ():109111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.I. Marí; Gabriel Pardo; J. Aibar; A. Cirujeda. 2019. "Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) control with biodegradable mulches and its effect on fresh pepper production." Scientia Horticulturae 263, no. : 109111.
Complaints about the lack of control of Rapistrum rugosum with tribenuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium in winter cereals in Northeastern Spain motivated this study. During 2015–2018, greenhouse trials were conducted to test the responses of two possibly resistant (R1 and R2) and two susceptible populations to both active ingredients to determine the response of these populations to alternative herbicides. In the first trial that was repeated twice, populations were treated with both active ingredients (three rates, six replicates), and the lack of control confirmed resistance both times. The second trial was conducted on the self-pollinated progeny of the initial populations (13 rates, 6 replicates) to confirm the heritable character of resistance and to determine the resistance factors related to survival and biomass. Resistance factors based on biomass were 188 and 253 for tribenuron-methyl and 42 and 26 for iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium for R1 and R2, respectively, confirming the strong resistance of the progeny. In the third trial, nine active ingredients (a.i.) registered for broadleaved weed control in winter cereals were tested on the four populations (two rates, four replicates). All the alternative herbicides, except florasulam, results in important phytotoxicity to all tested populations, with 100% efficacy for several a.i. This work is the first report of R. rugosum that is resistant to iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium and the first report in Europe of R. rugosum that is resistant to tribenuron-methyl.
Gabriel Pardo; Ana I. Marí; Joaquín Aibar; Lluïsa Vilaplana; Alicia Cirujeda; Marí. Bastard Cabbage (Rapistrum rugosum L.) Resistance to Tribenuron-Methyl and Iodosulfuron-Methyl-Sodium in Spain and Alternative Herbicides for Its Control. Agronomy 2019, 9, 492 .
AMA StyleGabriel Pardo, Ana I. Marí, Joaquín Aibar, Lluïsa Vilaplana, Alicia Cirujeda, Marí. Bastard Cabbage (Rapistrum rugosum L.) Resistance to Tribenuron-Methyl and Iodosulfuron-Methyl-Sodium in Spain and Alternative Herbicides for Its Control. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (9):492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Pardo; Ana I. Marí; Joaquín Aibar; Lluïsa Vilaplana; Alicia Cirujeda; Marí. 2019. "Bastard Cabbage (Rapistrum rugosum L.) Resistance to Tribenuron-Methyl and Iodosulfuron-Methyl-Sodium in Spain and Alternative Herbicides for Its Control." Agronomy 9, no. 9: 492.
Boundary structure can hinder or facilitate disturbance of the boundary vegetation by farming practices, such as herbicide and fertiliser drift and occasional cultivation; this may affect their potential role as a weed reservoir. It would be relevant for researchers, farmers and legislators to know whether relationships exist between boundary structure and weed abundance and frequency in boundaries and adjacent fields. In this study, we present a classification of arable field boundaries based on five descriptors: presence of a bank, width, percentage cover of woody and evergreen perennials (WEP), presence of a stonewall and presence of trees. Five types of boundaries are identified, ranging from structurally simple ones (flat, narrow, dominated by annual species) to structurally complex ones (presence of a bank, more than 3 m wide, dominated by WEP). Data from three Spanish regions were used to validate this classification, and the five boundary classes contained different plant communities. Structurally simple, flat and narrow boundaries contained many of the weed species found also in the field centre and with high abundance. More complex, wider boundaries with a slope and a WEP >60%, had a lower probability of hosting the main weeds present in the field centres. Assessment of weed frequency and abundance gave complementary information. The proposed classification of field boundaries may be easily used by farmers and allows adjustment of field margin management to risks posed by the field boundary, in terms of hosting common weeds of arable crops.
A Cirujeda; Gabriel Pardo; A I Marí; J Aibar; Y Pallavicini; J L González-Andújar; Jordi Recasens; X O Solé-Senan. The structural classification of field boundaries in Mediterranean arable cropping systems allows the prediction of weed abundances in the boundary and in the adjacent crop. Weed Research 2019, 59, 300 -311.
AMA StyleA Cirujeda, Gabriel Pardo, A I Marí, J Aibar, Y Pallavicini, J L González-Andújar, Jordi Recasens, X O Solé-Senan. The structural classification of field boundaries in Mediterranean arable cropping systems allows the prediction of weed abundances in the boundary and in the adjacent crop. Weed Research. 2019; 59 (4):300-311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Cirujeda; Gabriel Pardo; A I Marí; J Aibar; Y Pallavicini; J L González-Andújar; Jordi Recasens; X O Solé-Senan. 2019. "The structural classification of field boundaries in Mediterranean arable cropping systems allows the prediction of weed abundances in the boundary and in the adjacent crop." Weed Research 59, no. 4: 300-311.
Onobrychis viciifolia (Scop.) (sainfoin) is promoted in the Spanish Aragón region through the Agro-Environmental Schemes (AES) since 2007 with the aim of enhancing biodiversity. Also, in other countries, the interest in this legume crop is growing due to its rusticity and beneficial effects on the soil and livestock. However, the effect of the crop on weed flora in the subsequent cereal crops has hardly been investigated yet. With this aim, weed flora has been characterised in 2011–2014 in sainfoin fields in the second and third year of establishment (S2 and S3), in cereal monocrop (CM), in cereal after sainfoin (CS) and in organic cereal fields (OC). Additionally, the soil seedbank was determined in two years in CM and S3 fields. Weed species richness of emerged flora and of the soil seedbank was highest for sainfoin and lowest for CM, being intermediate for OC and CS regardless of the sampling year. The most feared weed species in winter cereal did not increase by growing sainfoin or in CS compared to CM. Curiously, summer annuals dominated in the soil seedbank. Sainfoin fields cause thus a shift in the weed flora, which does not seem to damage subsequent cereal crops provided fields are mouldboard ploughed after sainfoin.
Alicia Cirujeda; Ana Isabel Marí; Sonia Murillo; Joaquín Aibar; Gabriel Pardo; Xavier Oriol Solé-Senan. May the Inclusion of a Legume Crop Change Weed Composition in Cereal Fields? Example of Sainfoin in Aragon (Spain). Agronomy 2019, 9, 134 .
AMA StyleAlicia Cirujeda, Ana Isabel Marí, Sonia Murillo, Joaquín Aibar, Gabriel Pardo, Xavier Oriol Solé-Senan. May the Inclusion of a Legume Crop Change Weed Composition in Cereal Fields? Example of Sainfoin in Aragon (Spain). Agronomy. 2019; 9 (3):134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlicia Cirujeda; Ana Isabel Marí; Sonia Murillo; Joaquín Aibar; Gabriel Pardo; Xavier Oriol Solé-Senan. 2019. "May the Inclusion of a Legume Crop Change Weed Composition in Cereal Fields? Example of Sainfoin in Aragon (Spain)." Agronomy 9, no. 3: 134.
A few years ago, a new invasive weed was found in Spanish maize fields grazed by sheep after harvest and identified as a subform of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana ad int). If teosinte seeds survive digestion, then the weed could spread via sheep manure. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this process on the emergence and viability of teosinte seeds. In an in sacco study, seeds were introduced into the rumen of fistulised wethers and extracted after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Then, seed emergence was recorded and the viability of non‐germinated seeds was analysed. In an ‘intake and in vivo’ study, lambs were kept in metabolic cages and fed for 6 days with 200 g teosinte seeds and ears. The daily faecal production was individually collected, seeds were recovered and viability was tested (15 days). In the in sacco trials, a decrease in teosinte viability was observed after remaining for 48 h or more in the rumen. In the ‘intake and in vivo’ trial, between 0.1% and 3% of the ingested seeds that were excreted were viable. Uncoated seeds that lost their exocarp during the mastication and digestion processes were less viable (18%) than intact excreted seeds (74%). The last viable and intact seeds appeared 4 and 6 days after intake respectively. In areas with teosinte infestation, sheep grazing on maize stubble should be avoided and, in case of ingestion, sheep should be kept isolated for 4–6 days to avoid the spread of this invasive weed.
A Cirujeda; Gabriel Pardo; A I Marí; M Joy; Isabel Casasus. Emergence and viability of teosinte seeds (Zea maysssp.mexicana ad int.) subjected to sheep digestion. Weed Research 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleA Cirujeda, Gabriel Pardo, A I Marí, M Joy, Isabel Casasus. Emergence and viability of teosinte seeds (Zea maysssp.mexicana ad int.) subjected to sheep digestion. Weed Research. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Cirujeda; Gabriel Pardo; A I Marí; M Joy; Isabel Casasus. 2019. "Emergence and viability of teosinte seeds (Zea maysssp.mexicana ad int.) subjected to sheep digestion." Weed Research , no. : 1.
Black polyethylene (PE) is the most common mulching material used in horticultural crops in the world but its use represents a very serious environmental problem. Biodegradable films and paper mulches are available alternatives but farmers are reluctant to adopt them because of their high market prices. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic profitability of eight biodegradable mulching materials available for open-air pepper production. The economic evaluation is based on a four-year trial located in a semi-arid region of Spain. Three scenarios of PE waste management are examined: (i) absence of residues management, (ii) landfill accumulation, and (iii) total recycling. The inclusion of the costs of waste management and recycling under the current Spanish legislation only reduced the final net margin by 0.2%. The results show that an increase in subsidy rates of up to 50.1% on the market price would allow all biodegradable films to be economic alternatives to PE. The study supports the mandatory measures for the farmers to assume the costs of waste management and recycling. Despite savings in field conditioning costs, high market prices of biodegradable materials and papers are not compensated by the current level of subsidies, hampering their adoption in the fields.
Ana I. Marí; Gabriel Pardo; Alicia Cirujeda; Yolanda Martínez. Economic Evaluation of Biodegradable Plastic Films and Paper Mulches Used in Open-Air Grown Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Crop. Agronomy 2019, 9, 36 .
AMA StyleAna I. Marí, Gabriel Pardo, Alicia Cirujeda, Yolanda Martínez. Economic Evaluation of Biodegradable Plastic Films and Paper Mulches Used in Open-Air Grown Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Crop. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (1):36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna I. Marí; Gabriel Pardo; Alicia Cirujeda; Yolanda Martínez. 2019. "Economic Evaluation of Biodegradable Plastic Films and Paper Mulches Used in Open-Air Grown Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Crop." Agronomy 9, no. 1: 36.
Weed control is a crucial aspect in many conservation agriculture systems given that costs and time savings from avoiding tillage are closely linked to the use of effective and environmental friendly herbicides. This has led to the widespread use of glyphosate in farms, as it is a broad-spectrum, easily degradable, low- cost herbicide. The recent debate on the safety of glyphosate and on the excessive use of chemical herbicides in food production has caused concern on farmers about the possible economic effects of a virtual ban on glyphosate. The aim of this paper is to estimate the costs associated with an eventual prohibition of glyphosate in Spanish conservation agriculture areas. The costs of different alternative weed control strategies for herbaceous and tree crops were calculated: i) substitution of glyphosate in chemical control; ii) minimum tillage; iii) conventional tillage; and iv) natural or planted vegetal groundcovers. The results show that banning glyphosate would increase the costs of chemical control by 40% for herbaceous and by 57% for tree crops. However, conventional tillage would be a cheaper option for herbaceous because costs increase by 10% compared to current techniques. Our estimations suggest that the ban on glyphosate would have a negative impact on the economic profitability of farms and also on other non-economic advantages derived from conservation farming techniques.
G. Pardo; Y. Martínez. Conservation Agriculture in Trouble? Estimating the Economic Impact of an Eventual Glyphosate Prohibition in Spain. Planta Daninha 2019, 37, 1 .
AMA StyleG. Pardo, Y. Martínez. Conservation Agriculture in Trouble? Estimating the Economic Impact of an Eventual Glyphosate Prohibition in Spain. Planta Daninha. 2019; 37 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Pardo; Y. Martínez. 2019. "Conservation Agriculture in Trouble? Estimating the Economic Impact of an Eventual Glyphosate Prohibition in Spain." Planta Daninha 37, no. : 1.
An important drawback in adopting minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) techniques is the frequently observed weed shift promoting adapted species and achieving poorer weed control. These changes can be detected best with long-term experiments, and results might differ depending on soil characteristics and the local flora. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of reduced tillage on weed seed distribution in the soil profile and to identify possible consequences on weed diversity on a long-term experiment maintained during 24 years in Seville (Spain) with three tillage systems: NT, MT and conventional tillage (CT) including moldboard plow on a vertisol. For this purpose, soil seedbanks at 0-8 cm and 8-16 cm depths were enumerated in autumn 2005 and in-field emerged plants in autumn 2005 and winter 2006. Shannon diversity index (H) and evenness (J’) were calculated for seedbank and aboveground weed communities. Total weed seed density was highest for NT and lowest for CT. Some big-seeded species, such as Chrozophora tinctorea L., showed highest seed density in CT. NT increased the relative density of Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson seeds in the seedbank and the abundance of emerged plants of Malva parviflora L., Anagallis arvensis L. and Picris echioides L. Overall, MT led to a less diverse seedbank in the 0-8 cm depth of soil than CT. The frequent drought-induced deep fractures in the expandable clay soil caused natural tillage, which probably resulted in fewer differences in weed seed and seedling densities among tillage treatments compared to what might be expected in other soil types.
G. Pardo; A. Cirujeda; F. Perea; A.M.C. Verdú; M.T. Mas; J.M. Urbano. Effects of Reduced and Conventional Tillage on Weed Communities: Results of a Long-Term Experiment in Southwestern Spain. Planta Daninha 2019, 37, 1 .
AMA StyleG. Pardo, A. Cirujeda, F. Perea, A.M.C. Verdú, M.T. Mas, J.M. Urbano. Effects of Reduced and Conventional Tillage on Weed Communities: Results of a Long-Term Experiment in Southwestern Spain. Planta Daninha. 2019; 37 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Pardo; A. Cirujeda; F. Perea; A.M.C. Verdú; M.T. Mas; J.M. Urbano. 2019. "Effects of Reduced and Conventional Tillage on Weed Communities: Results of a Long-Term Experiment in Southwestern Spain." Planta Daninha 37, no. : 1.
Yolanda Martínez; Alicia Cirujeda; Miguel I. Gómez; Ana I. Marí; Gabriel Pardo. Bioeconomic model for optimal control of the invasive weed Zea mays subspp. (teosinte) in Spain. Agricultural Systems 2018, 165, 116 -127.
AMA StyleYolanda Martínez, Alicia Cirujeda, Miguel I. Gómez, Ana I. Marí, Gabriel Pardo. Bioeconomic model for optimal control of the invasive weed Zea mays subspp. (teosinte) in Spain. Agricultural Systems. 2018; 165 ():116-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYolanda Martínez; Alicia Cirujeda; Miguel I. Gómez; Ana I. Marí; Gabriel Pardo. 2018. "Bioeconomic model for optimal control of the invasive weed Zea mays subspp. (teosinte) in Spain." Agricultural Systems 165, no. : 116-127.
Yolanda Martínez Martínez; Gabriel Pardo. Tree crops in Aragon: economic evaluation of an eventual prohibition of glyphosate. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 2016, 16, 143 -150.
AMA StyleYolanda Martínez Martínez, Gabriel Pardo. Tree crops in Aragon: economic evaluation of an eventual prohibition of glyphosate. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales. 2016; 16 (2):143-150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYolanda Martínez Martínez; Gabriel Pardo. 2016. "Tree crops in Aragon: economic evaluation of an eventual prohibition of glyphosate." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 16, no. 2: 143-150.
In the Jiloca valley (Teruel, Spain) saffron (Crocus sativus) is attracting attention because of its high quality and the growing demand in the gourmet market. To increase production the phytosanitary status needs to be guaranteed as well as the mechanization of the basic agronomic practices, especially weed control operations. Saffron is a perennial crop and weeding is especially important after flowering in mid of October until May when the aerial part disappears. Eight field trials were established to test the effect of flextine harrow, torsion and finger weeders. Torsion and finger weeders were difficult to adjust due to compact soils and steering problems. Efficacy for these tools was higher than 80% in two out of 12 occasions, only, while the flex-tine harrow exceeded this value in 7 occasions out of 18. The flextine harrow did no require adjustments on the row and could be used in an aggressive position because of the 20 cm plantation depth of the corms. Weeds including the Poaceae Lolium rigidum could be effectively controlled with the flextine harrow provided climatic conditions allowed treating immediately after flower harvest. Saffron flower and corm density were reduced by more than 40% after 3 cropping seasons without weed control compared to harrowing. Only slight differences were found in bulb size being higher for the harrowed plots. The use of the flex-tine harrow is highly recommended to reduce yield losses as well as to avoid weeds hosting viruses.
Alicia Cirujeda; Ana Isabel Marí; Joaquín Aibar; Sonsoles Fenández-Cavada; Gabriel Pardo; Carlos Zaragoza. Experiments on mechanical weed control in saffron crops in Spain. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 2014, 121, 223 -228.
AMA StyleAlicia Cirujeda, Ana Isabel Marí, Joaquín Aibar, Sonsoles Fenández-Cavada, Gabriel Pardo, Carlos Zaragoza. Experiments on mechanical weed control in saffron crops in Spain. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 2014; 121 (5):223-228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlicia Cirujeda; Ana Isabel Marí; Joaquín Aibar; Sonsoles Fenández-Cavada; Gabriel Pardo; Carlos Zaragoza. 2014. "Experiments on mechanical weed control in saffron crops in Spain." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 121, no. 5: 223-228.
The economic importance of organic production systems is growing year on year. Producers who wish to convert their farms to organic farming face significant transition costs due to changes in management, work organization and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to compare the yield and economic outputs of a conventional and an organic farming system in south-west Spain, a region characterized by a subhumid climate. The organic rotation of wheat–sunflower–peas–faba bean (green manure) was compared with a conventional rotation of wheat–sunflower over four cropping seasons. Economic analysis showed that organic farming was 62% more profitable, assuming current organic premium prices, and 36% more profitable when selling products in conventional markets. However, without the Common Agricultural Policy and regional payments and with conventional prices, the profitability of organics falls below that of conventional production.
Gabriel Pardo; Francisco Perea; Yolanda Martínez; José María Urbanoa. Economic Profitability Analysis of Rainfed Organic Farming in SW Spain. Outlook on Agriculture 2014, 43, 115 -122.
AMA StyleGabriel Pardo, Francisco Perea, Yolanda Martínez, José María Urbanoa. Economic Profitability Analysis of Rainfed Organic Farming in SW Spain. Outlook on Agriculture. 2014; 43 (2):115-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Pardo; Francisco Perea; Yolanda Martínez; José María Urbanoa. 2014. "Economic Profitability Analysis of Rainfed Organic Farming in SW Spain." Outlook on Agriculture 43, no. 2: 115-122.
Under semiarid conditions the response of cereal crops to chemical fertilizers and weed control practices with herbicides is often reduced. In fact, the economic profitability of agricultural production in many dryland regions is critically affected by high costs of inputs and low crop yields. As a solution, cropping systems like organic farming, obtaining similar yields and promoting environmental sustainability by reducing fertilizer and herbicides, could be an alternative to conventional systems. In this study, 23 trials were performed in five semiarid regions of Spain during 5 yr to compare different fertilizers and weed control methods on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yields. The following rotation pattern was developed on the experimental plots: fallow-barley-ground ploughed vetch (Vicia sativa L.)-durum wheat. Plots either received organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, or no fertilizer. In addition, three levels of weed control were applied in cereal plots: flex-tine harrow tillage, conventional herbicide, and no weeding. The results indicated that neither the fertilization nor the weed control have effect on the yield crop.
Gabriel Pardo; Joaquin Aibar; Pilar Ciria; Carlos Lacasta; Juan Antonio Lezaún; Carlos Zaragoza. Organic Versus Conventional Methods of Fertilization and Weed Control in a Long Term Rotation of Cereals in Semiarid Spain. Chilean journal of agricultural research 2011, 71, 187 -194.
AMA StyleGabriel Pardo, Joaquin Aibar, Pilar Ciria, Carlos Lacasta, Juan Antonio Lezaún, Carlos Zaragoza. Organic Versus Conventional Methods of Fertilization and Weed Control in a Long Term Rotation of Cereals in Semiarid Spain. Chilean journal of agricultural research. 2011; 71 (2):187-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Pardo; Joaquin Aibar; Pilar Ciria; Carlos Lacasta; Juan Antonio Lezaún; Carlos Zaragoza. 2011. "Organic Versus Conventional Methods of Fertilization and Weed Control in a Long Term Rotation of Cereals in Semiarid Spain." Chilean journal of agricultural research 71, no. 2: 187-194.
Three years of field trials have been carried out in Zaragoza, Spain, using different biodegradable mulch materials in processing tomatoes. The aim was to evaluate weed control with several biodegradable mulches as alternatives to black polyethylene (PE) mulch. The treatments were rice straw, barley straw, maize harvest residue, absinth wormwood plants, black biodegradable plastic, brown kraft paper, PE, herbicide, manual weeding, and unweeded control. Assessments focused on weeds and on crop yield. A laboratory study showed that 1 kg/m2of organic mulch was sufficient to cover the soil for rice, barley straw, and maize harvest residue. The most abundant weed species in the field were purple nutsedge, common purslane, common lambsquarters, and large crabgrass and a change in weed composition was observed between treatments and years. Most weed species were controlled by the mulching materials except that purple nutsedge was controlled only by paper mulch. The other species were well controlled by PE and biodegradable plastic and also by some of the organic mulch treatments. Best weed control and lowest weed biomass were achieved by paper followed by PE and biodegradable plastic. The best organic mulch was rice straw and the worst weed control was from absinth wormwood. Tomato yield was highest for PE followed by paper, manual weeding, biodegradable plastic, and rice straw and was clearly related to weed control. Paper, biodegradable plastic, and rice straw are potential substitutes for PE and herbicides.
A. Anzalone; Alicia Cirujeda; J. Aibar; Gabriel Pardo; C. Zaragoza. Effect of Biodegradable Mulch Materials on Weed Control in Processing Tomatoes. Weed Technology 2010, 24, 369 -377.
AMA StyleA. Anzalone, Alicia Cirujeda, J. Aibar, Gabriel Pardo, C. Zaragoza. Effect of Biodegradable Mulch Materials on Weed Control in Processing Tomatoes. Weed Technology. 2010; 24 (3):369-377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Anzalone; Alicia Cirujeda; J. Aibar; Gabriel Pardo; C. Zaragoza. 2010. "Effect of Biodegradable Mulch Materials on Weed Control in Processing Tomatoes." Weed Technology 24, no. 3: 369-377.
This study extends into the economic domain the analysis of a trial comparing cropping system prototypes based on the principles of Integrated Weed Management (IWM), which demonstrated their potential for managing weed infestations. A farm simulation model was used to analyse the consequences of implementing such IWM-based cropping systems at the farm scale. The labour requirement for field operations and their distribution over the year were compared to the amount of time when field conditions were suitable for the corresponding equipments. In the simulated IWM-based virtual farms, repeated shallow soil cultivations for promoting pre-sowing weed emergence and mechanical weeding could both be accommodated during suitable periods, but the rule of late cereal sowings for escaping periods of peak weed emergence generated possible labour bottlenecks. Machinery costs were calculated from the farm simulations so that the economic profitability of the virtual farms could be compared. In the economic context of 2006, the saving of input costs did not offset low yields of spring crops introduced in the crop sequence for diversifying sowing dates as required by IWM principles. The method of farm simulations could be used with other data sets from cropping system experiments to provide the required knowledge for supporting future policy development in Europe.
Gabriel Pardo; M. Riravololona; N.M. Munier-Jolain. Using a farming system model to evaluate cropping system prototypes: Are labour constraints and economic performances hampering the adoption of Integrated Weed Management? European Journal of Agronomy 2010, 33, 24 -32.
AMA StyleGabriel Pardo, M. Riravololona, N.M. Munier-Jolain. Using a farming system model to evaluate cropping system prototypes: Are labour constraints and economic performances hampering the adoption of Integrated Weed Management? European Journal of Agronomy. 2010; 33 (1):24-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Pardo; M. Riravololona; N.M. Munier-Jolain. 2010. "Using a farming system model to evaluate cropping system prototypes: Are labour constraints and economic performances hampering the adoption of Integrated Weed Management?" European Journal of Agronomy 33, no. 1: 24-32.