Pollution by particulates has consistently been associated with increased cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. It has been suggested that ultrafine particles, of which diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are significant contributors, are able to translocate from the airways into the bloodstream in vivo. In the present study, we assessed the effect of systemic administration of DEP on cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. DEP were administered into the tail vein of rats, and heart rate, blood pressure, blood platelet activation, and lung inflammation were studied 24 h later. Doses of 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg DEP/kg (8, 42, or 212 μg DEP/rat) induced a significant decrease of heart rate and blood pressure compared with saline-treated rats. Although the number of platelets was not affected, all the doses of DEP caused a shortening of the bleeding time. Similarly, in addition to triggering lung edema, the bronchoalveolar lavage analysis revealed the presence of neutrophil influx in DEP-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that the presence of DEP in the systemic circulation leads not only to cardiovascular and haemostatic changes but it also triggers pulmonary inflammation.

The opinion of meat consumers has altered over recent decades from considering meat products simply as a source of essential nutrients to consider meat as a health-promoting supplement ( Kadim et al., 2020). Therefore, substantial changes in the global meat products’ market occur with increasing demand for high nutritional values and healthy meat products ( Kadim et al., 2018). Health benefits are the main factor influencing consumer demand for any meat products available in the market. A result of interest from the preference shift of consumers is that the functional properties of camel meat products might be considered as an alternative health food. In this respect, a remarkable effort in the meat industry has been directed towards enhancing nutritional values and healthiness of meat products ( Decker and Park, 2010). According to Al- Abri and Faye (2019) and Bouhaddaoui et al. (2019), hot environments harmfully affect animals causing heat-stress effects on health, but camels have adapted to produce healthy meat even in the hottest and least favorable environmental conditions. Kadim et al. (2020) stated that opportunities exist to improve the nutritional and potential health features of camel meat products, natural production, or addition of natural functional substances. The function properties of camel meat products may be increased by healthy adding ingredients ( Pogorzelska-Nowicka et al., 2018). Camel meat is believed by Somali and Indian people to have remedial effects for different health disorders as hyperacidity, hypertension, or pneumonia ( Kurtu, 2004). Applying the advance technology can improve nutritional and health benefits of camel meat products and development of new products. Recently, consumers are interested, and may pay more for meat products supplemented with bioactive compounds. Marketing the high-quality parameters and nutritive values of camel meat products are a promising future perspective that may be implemented to enhance the value of functional camel meat. This article aims to identify the important nutritional and potential health components and focus on future developments of nutritional aspects of camel meat.

In healthy or pathological brains, the neuroinflammatory state is supported by a strong communication involving microglia and neurons. Recent studies indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, play a key role in the physiological interactions between cells allowing central nervous system (CNS) development and/or integrity. The present report used medicinal leech CNS to investigate microglia/neuron crosstalk from ex vivo approaches as well as primary cultures. The results demonstrated a large production of exosomes from microglia. Their incubation to primary neuronal cultures showed a strong interaction with neurites. In addition, neurite outgrowth assays demonstrated microglia exosomes to exhibit significant neurotrophic activities using at least a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family member, called nGDF (nervous Growth/Differentiation Factor). Of interest, the results also showed an EV-mediated dialog between leech microglia and rat cells highlighting this communication to be more a matter of molecules than of species. Taken together, the present report brings a new insight into the microglia/neuron crosstalk in CNS and would help deciphering the molecular evolution of such a cell communication in brain.

Background and Aim: Meat is a rich source of many nutrients and plays a vital role in human life however, meat safety is one of the top priorities of great concern for consumers today. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated meat products. This study was designed to compare four valid analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticides 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene/ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, organophosphate, anabolic steroids (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen), antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin, and cephalexin), antibacterial compounds (Macrolide, β-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Sulphur drugs, and Gentamicin) residues in 135 beef, buffalo, and sheep meat samples (fresh, frozen meats, minced, and sausage samples) of local, regional, and international brands available in Omani markets. Materials and Methods: Triplicate meat samples from each brand within each species were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane to remove all impurities. To dry the sample after heating, the residue was passed across a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for sample cleaning before gas chromatography (GC) (Brand GCMS-QP2010 Plus) coupled with different detectors, including a mass spectrometer or GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was also employed for the quantification of the residues in meat products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were employed to assess veterinary drug residues, anabolic steroids, and pesticides. The CHARM II instrument was employed to detect chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfa-drug, β-lactam, and macrolide residues in meat and meat product samples. Results: A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method should be considered as another method of choice to determine concentrations of veterinary drugs and anabolic steroids. The TLC results were validated by LC-MS. The three described methods permit the multi-residue analysis of anabolic steroid residue levels of 0.06-1.89 ppb in meat product samples. There were three violative residues of anabolic steroids in red meat products that were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Although, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and antibiotic concentrations in meat products were below the MRLs, the long-term consumption is considered a health hazard and will affect the wellbeing of consumers. Conclusion: The four techniques (GC, high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA and CHARM II) provided results that were reliable and precise for the detection of chessssmical residues in meat and meat products.