The C. perfringens species is associated with various environments, such as soils, sewage, and food. However, it is also a component of the gastrointestinal (GI) microflora (i.e., microbiota) of sick and healthy humans and animals. C. perfringens is linked with different systemic and enteric diseases in livestock and humans, such as gas gangrene, food poisoning, non-foodborne diarrhoea, and enterocolitis. The strains of this opportunistic pathogen are known to secrete over 20 identified toxins that are considered its principal virulence factors. C. perfringens belongs to the anaerobic bacteria community but can also survive in the presence of oxygen. The short time between generations, the multi-production capability of toxins and heat-resistant spores, the location of many virulence genes on mobile genetic elements, and the inhabitance of this opportunistic pathogen in different ecological niches make C. perfringens a very important microorganism for public health protection. The epidemiological evidence for the association of these strains with C. perfringens–meditated food poisoning and some cases of non-foodborne diseases is very clear and well-documented. However, the genetic diversity and physiology of C. perfringens should still be studied in order to confirm the importance of suspected novel virulence traits. A very significant problem is the growing antibiotic resistance of C. perfringens strains. The aim of this review is to show the current basic information about the toxins, epidemiology, and genetic and molecular diversity of this opportunistic pathogen.

The extensive use of antibiotics in animal production has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the search for alternative antimicrobial agents in animal production. One such compound may be antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are characterized by, among others, a wide range of biocidal activity. According to scientific data, insects produce the largest number of antimicrobial peptides, and the changing EU legislation has allowed processed animal protein derived from insects to be used in feed for farm animals, which, in addition to a protein supplement, may prove to be an alternative to antibiotics and antibiotic growth promoters due to their documented beneficial impact on livestock health. In animals that were fed feeds with the addition of insect meals, changes in their intestinal microbiota, strengthened immunity, and increased antibacterial activity were confirmed to be positive effects obtained thanks to the insect diet. This paper reviews the literature on sources of antibacterial peptides and the mechanism of action of these compounds, with particular emphasis on insect antibacterial peptides and their potential impact on animal health, and legal regulations related to the use of insect meals in animal nutrition.

Antibiotics are active substances frequently used to treat and prevent diseases in animal husbandry, especially in swine and poultry farms. The use of manure as a fertilizer may lead to the dispersion of antibiotic residue into the environment and consequently the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Most pharmaceutical active ingredients are excreted after administration, in some cases up to 90% of the consumed dose can be found in the feces and/or urine as parent compound. Therefore, due to antibiotic metabolism their residues can be easily detected in manure. This article describes a method for simultaneous analysis of ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tiamulin, trimethoprim and tylosin in feces, liquid manure and digestate. Antibiotics were extracted from the different matrices with McIlvaine-Na₂EDTA buffer solution and the extract was purified by the use two techniques: d-SPE and SPE (Strata-X-CW cartridges) and final eluent was analyzed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC was followed to conduct the validation of the method. Recoveries obtained from spiked pig and poultry feces and liquid manures samples ranged from 63% to 93% depending on analytes. The analysis of 70 samples (feces, liquid manure and digestate) revealed that 18 samples were positive for the presence of doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, tiamulin and lincomycin. The results obtained in the presented study demonstrated that animal feces can be used as a non-invasive method detection antibiotic usage in animal production.

Four antibiotics, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, and chlortetracycline were separated and quantified in medicated feed. Tetracyclines from feed samples were extracted with 0.01 M citric buffer and acetonitrile (pH 3.0) and further purified with 0.45 µm syringe filters. The purified extract was separated on commercial RP-C18 column and analyzing using liquid chromatograph (LC) with two different detectors: diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS). These methods provided average recoveries from 72.2 to 101.8% for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection and from 45.6 to 87.0% for liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The limit of detection in medicated feed ranged from 4.2 to 10.7 mg kg⁻¹ for HPLC–DAD and 5.6 to 10.8 mg kg⁻¹ for LC–MS. Our experiment showed that using the same extraction mixture we do not obtain the same recovery values for the analyzed compounds using two different detection techniques such as DAD and MS.

Details var a2a_config = a2a_config || {}; a2a_config.onclick = 1; a2a_config.locale = "pl"; a2a_config.color_main = "D7E5ED"; a2a_config.color_border = "9D9D9D"; a2a_config.color_link_text = "ffffff"; a2a_config.color_link_text_hover = "ffffff"; a2a_config.color_bg = "d9d9d9"; a2a_config.icon_color = "#4e4e4e"; a2a_config.exclude_services = ["dihitt", "delicious", "whatsapp", "dzone", "sms", "stumpedia", "viber", "yahoo_messenger", "google_plus"]; Details PDF BIBTEX RIS Title Screening method for the determination of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in animal drinking water by liquid chromatography with diode array detector Journal title Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Yearbook 2015 Issue No 2 Authors Patyra, E. ; Kowalczyk, E. ; Grelik, A. ; Przeniosło-Siwczyńska, M. ; Kwiatek, K. Divisions of PAS Nauki Biologiczne i Rolnicze Publisher Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Veterinary Sciences ; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Date 2015[2015.01.01 AD - 2015.12.31 AD] Identifier DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0037 ; ISSN 1505-1773 Source Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2015; No 2 References Hernandez (2002), Determination of ciprofloxacin , enrofloxacin and flumequine in pig plasma samples by capillary isotachophoresis - capillary zone electrophoresis, J Chromatogr B, 772. ; Patyra (2014), Screening method for the detemination of selected tetracyclines in water by liquid chromatography with diode array detector, Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 58. ; Miao (2002), Analysis of acidic drugs in the effluents of sewage treatment plants using liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 952. ; Garcia (2006), Liquid chromatography UV diode - array detection method for multi - residue determination of macrolide antibiotics in sheep s milk, J Chromatogr A, 1122. ; Gajda (2013), Determination of doxycycline in chicken fat by liquid chromatography with UV detection and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr B, 928. ; Jia (2009), Simultaneous determination of tetracyclines and their degradation products in environmental waters by liquid chromatography - electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 1216. ; Denooz (2008), Simultaneous determination of five β - lactam antibiotics ( cefepime ceftazidime cefuroxime meropenem and piperacillin ) in human plasma by high - performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, J Chromatogr B, 864. ; Grandos (2005), Determination of tetracyclines in water samples using liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection, Chromatographia, 61. ; Tong (2009), Simultaneous determination of five tetracycline and macrolide antibiotics in feeds using HPCE, J Sep Sci, 32. ; Esponda (2009), Solid - phase microextraction with micellar desorption and HPLC - fluorescence detection for the analysis of fluoroquinolones residues in water samples, Anal Bioanal Chem, 394. ; Schnappinger (1996), Tetracyclines : antibiotic action uptake and resistance mechanisms, Arch Microbiol, 165. ; Babić (2006), Solid phase extraction and HPLC detremination of veterinary pharmaceuticals in wastewater, Talanta, 70. ; Ramos (2003), Simple and sensitive determination of five quinolones in food by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, J Chromatogr B, 789. ; Kamel (1999), Effects of Mobile - Phase Additives , Solution pH , Ionization Constant , and Analyte Concentration on the Sensitivities and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Nucleoside Antiviral Agents, Anal Chem, 5481, doi.org/10.1021/ac9906429 ; Hernandez (2000), Determination of quinolones in plasma samples by capillary electrophoresis using solid - phase extraction, J Chromatogr B, 742. ; Lillenberg (2009), Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones , sulfonamides and tetracyclines in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 1216. ; Brown (1996), Fluoroquinolones in animal health, J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 19. ; Hirsch (1998), Determination of antibiotics in different water compartments via liquid chromatography - electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 815. ; Seifertova (2008), Determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospital and municipal wastewater in Coimbra by liquid chromatography with a monolithic column and fluorescence detection, Anal Bioanal Chem, 391. ; Moeder (2000), Solid - phase microextraction - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry of biologically active substances in water samples, J Chromatogr A, 873. ; Martinez (2006), Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones : a perspective for the use in domestic animals, Vet J, 172. ; Lindsey (2001), Analysis of Trace Levels of sulfonamide and Tetracycline Antimicrobials in Groundwater and Surface Water Using Solide - Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry Anal Chem, 73. ; Charlet (2003), Quantitative multi - residue analysis of tetracyclines and their - epimers in pig tissues by high - performance liquid chromatography combined with positive - ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Anal Chim Acta, 492.