The effects of cadmium (Cd) on the development, fecundity, and reproduction of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were

As a polymicrobial disease, sour rot decreases grape berry yield and wine quality. The diversity of microbial communities in sour rot-affected grapes depends on the cultivation site, but the microbes responsible for this disease in eastern coastal China, has not been reported. To identify the microbes that cause sour grape rot in this important grape-producing region, the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi were assessed by metagenomic analysis and cultivation-dependent techniques. A total of 15 bacteria and 10 fungi were isolated from sour rot-affected grapes. High-throughput sequencing of PCR-amplicons generated from diseased grapes revealed 1343 OTUs of bacteria and 1038 OTUs of fungi. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant phyla among the 19 bacterial phyla identified. Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum and the fungi Issatchenkia terricola, Colletotrichum viniferum, Hanseniaspora vineae, Saprochaete gigas, and Candida diversa represented the vast majority ofmicrobial species associated with sour rot-affected grapes. An in vitro spoilage assay confirmed that four of the isolated bacteria strains (two Cronobacter species, Serratia marcescens and Lysinibacillus fusiformis) and five of the isolated fungi strains (three Aspergillus species, Alternaria tenuissima, and Fusarium proliferatum) spoiled grapes. These microorganisms, which appear responsible for spoiling grapes in eastern China, appear closely related to microbes that cause this plant disease around the world.

To obtain high-quality yellow peach wines of varying characteristics, different fermentation strategies, including various pre-fermentative treatments, were applied. This study aimed to determine the effect of different fermentation strategies on the physicochemical properties, monomer phenol content, in vitro antioxidant activity, and volatile compounds of yellow peach wine. The results showed that peach wine P12, fermented with pulp, had higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), monomer phenol and volatile compound content, and antioxidant activity. Ten monomeric phenols were detected in peach wines, and the content of catechin was the highest. Juice fermentation wine, J12, had a strong floral aroma, and some volatile compounds were released during fermentation when water was added to the pulp, and low alcohol content did not reduce the variety of volatile compounds. The main aroma and common characteristics of the fermented yellow peach wine were dominated by esters, with a relative odor activity value (ROAV) ≥ 1, namely, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl octanoate. Our results demonstrated that the application of the described fermentation strategies significantly affected the quality and volatile compound content of yellow peach wines. This might assist in the development of a highly diverse yellow peach wine flavor.

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosphilidae) is an important pest that causes damage to fruits of over 60 plant species. Drosophila suzukii oviposits on ripe fruit, while D. melanogaster oviposits on decaying fruit. Therefore, these species occupy separate ecological niches. To provide a better understanding of the alcohol tolerance between these 2 species and explore the relationship of ecological niche differences and alcohol tolerance, ethanol and acetaldehyde content was examined in red grapes infested by D. melanogaster and D. suzukii. We assessed mortality and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity levels for 2 Drosophila species exposed to ethanol. The study results showed that ethanol content gradually increased as the fruit decayed while being infested by Drosophila. The ethanol content was higher in the presence of D. melanogaster than in the presence of D. suzukii. In the mortality experiment, the LC50 of D. melanogaster adults was approxim... Resumo Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) es una plaga importante que causa daño a las frutas de más de 60 especies de plantas que oviposita en fruta madura, mientras que D. melanogaster oviposita en fruta en descomposición. Por lo tanto, estas especies ocupan nichos ecológicos separados. Con el fin de proveer una mejor comprensión de la tolerancia al alcohol entre estas dos especies y explorar la relación de las diferencias del nicho ecológico y la tolerancia al alcohol, se examinó el etanol y el contenido de acetaldehído en uvas tintas infestadas por D. melanogaster y D. suzukii. Se evaluaron los niveles de actividad de la mortalidad y alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH) y acetaldehído deshidrogenasa (ALDH) para dos especies de Drosophila expuestas al etanol. Los resultados del estudio mostraron que el contenido de etanol aumentó gradualmente a medida que el fruto decayó mientras se infestaba con Drosophila. El contenido de etanol fue mayor en presencia de D. melanogaster que en presencia de D. suzukii. En el expe...

The pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) has been evaluated as a biological agent of Drosophila suzukii. Integrated pest management strategies mostly rely on combined application of multiple insecticides and natural enemies. This study assessed the toxicity of eight common insecticides against D. suzukii in fruit orchards and the effects of semilethal and sublethal doses on T. drosophilae. The eight insecticides had higher toxicities to D. suzukii larvae with lower LC₅₀ values than those for adults. Adults and larvae showed high susceptibility to emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and sophocarpidine. The median lethal doses (LC₅₀) of lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid to T. drosophilae adults were 60.41 mg/L and 100.58 mg/L, higher than the toxicities of the other six insecticides. Applying chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, sophocarpidine, abamectin, azadirachtin, and spinetoram resulted in low toxicity to D. suzukii pupae. However, the exposure of D. suzukii pupae or larvae to these insecticides at semilethal and sublethal doses decreased the parasitism or eclosion rate of T. drosophilae. These results improve our understanding of the effects of insecticide residues on T. drosophilae development and provide a basis for the combined use of chemical and biological options for managing D. suzukii.