Parabolic trough solar collector is the most proven industry-scale solar generation technology today available. The thermal performance of such devices is of major interest for optimising the solar field output and increase the efficiency of power plants. In this paper, a detailed numerical heat transfer model based on the finite volume method for these equipment is presented. In the model, the different elements of the receiver are discretised into several segments in both axial and azimuthal directions and energy balances are applied for each control volume. An optical model is also developed for calculating the non-uniform solar flux distribution around the receiver. This model is based on finite volume method and ray trace techniques and takes into account the finite size of the Sun. The solar heat flux is determined as a pre-processing task and coupled to the energy balance model as a boundary condition for the outer surface of the receiver. The set of algebraic equations are solved simultaneously using direct solvers. The model is thoroughly validated with results from the literature. First, the optical model is compared with known analytical solutions. After that, the performance of the overall model is tested against experimental measurements from Sandia National Laboratories and other un-irradiated receivers experiments. In all cases, results obtained shown a good agreement with experimental and analytical results.Peer ReviewedPreprin

The turbulent flow around a square cylinder at Reynolds number 22,000 (based on the cylinder diameter and the inflow velocity) is studied by means of direct numerical simulation. An overview of the numerical methods and the methodology used to verify the simulation is presented with special emphasis to determine the proper domain size and time-integration period. Then, the time-averaged flow results and turbulent statistics are discussed together with available experimental data showing a fairly good agreement. Finally, frequency analysis of velocity samples is used to analyze both the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortical structures produced by the flow separation at the leading edge of the cylinder and the Von Karman vortex shedding in the wake region. The former are observed more downstream compared with the experiments suggesting that transition to turbulence may occur later. However, comparison of the turbulent statistics in the near wall region indicates that transition is being well captured.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The direct numerical simulation of the flow over a sphere is performed. The computations are carried out in the sub-critical regime at Re = 3700 (based on the free-stream velocity and the sphere diameter). A parallel unstructured symmetry-preserving formulation is used for simulating the flow. At this Reynolds number, flow separates laminarly near the equator of the sphere and transition to turbulence occurs in the separated shear layer. The vortices formed are shed at a large-scale frequency, S_t = 0.215, and at random azimuthal locations in the shear layer, giving a helical-like appearance to the wake. The main features of the flow including the power spectra of a set of selected monitoring probes at different positions in the wake of the sphere are described and discussed in detail. In addition, a large number of turbulence statistics are computed and compared with previous experimental and numerical data at comparable Reynolds numbers. Particular attention is devoted to assessing the prediction of the mean flow parameters, such as wall-pressure distribution, skin friction, drag coefficient, among others, in order to provide reliable data for testing and developing statistical turbulence models. In addition to the presented results, the capability of the methodology used on unstructured grids for accurately solving flows in complex geometries is also pointed out.

A set of complete two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) in a differentially heated air-filled cavity of aspect ratio 4 with adiabatic horizontal walls is presented in this paper. Although the physical phenomenon is three-dimensional, owing to its prohibitive computational costs the majority of the previous DNS of turbulent and transition natural convection flows in enclosed cavities assumed a two-dimensional behaviour. The configurations selected here (Rayleigh number based on the cavity height 6.4 × 10⁸, 2 × 10⁹ and 10¹⁰, Pr = 0.71) are an extension to three dimensions of previous two-dimensional problems.An overview of the numerical algorithm and the methodology used to verify the code and the simulations is presented. The main features of the flow, including the time-averaged flow structure, the power spectra and probability density distributions of a set of selected monitoring points, the turbulent statistics, the global kinetic energy balances and the internal waves motion phenomenon are described and discussed.As expected, significant differences are observed between two- and three-dimensional results. For two-dimensional simulations the oscillations at the downstream part of the vertical boundary layer are clearly stronger, ejecting large eddies to the cavity core. In the three-dimensional simulations these large eddies do not persist and their energy is rapidly passed down to smaller scales of motion. It yields on a reduction of the large-scale mixing effect at the hot upper and cold lower regions and consequently the cavity core still remains almost motionless even for the highest Rayleigh number. The boundary layers remain laminar in their upstream parts up to the point where these eddies are ejected. The point where this phenomenon occurs clearly moves upstream for the three-dimensional simulations. It is also shown that, even for the three-dimensional simulations, these eddies are large enough to permanently excite an internal wave motion in the stratified core region. All these differences become more marked for the highest Rayleigh number.

The presence of low-frequency fluctuations in the wake of bluff bodies have been observed in several investigations. Even though the flow past a circular cylinder at Re = 3900 (Re = UrefD/ν) has been the object of several experimental and numerical investigations, there is a large scattering in the average statistics in the near wake. In the present work, the flow dynamics of the near wake region behind a circular cylinder has been investigated by means of direct numerical simulations and statistics have been computed for more than 858 shedding cycles. The analysis of instantaneous velocity signals of several probes located in the vortex formation region, point out the existence of a low-frequency fluctuation at the non-dimensional frequency of fm = 0.0064. This large-scale almost periodic motion seems to be related with the modulation of the recirculation bubble which causes its shrinking and enlargement over the time. Two different configurations have been identified: (i) a high-energy mode with larger fluctuations in the shear-layer and in the vortex formation region (Mode H) and (ii) a low-energy mode with weaker fluctuations in the shear layer (Mode L). The influence of such a low-frequency in the wake topology has been studied not only by means of the phase-average flow field for each mode, but also by the analysis of the time-average first- and second-order statistics of each wake mode. The results are compared with the long-term averaged solution and with results in the existing literature.