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H. italicum essential oil (EO) is one of the most popular ingredients utilized by the cosmetic industry, and it is also used as natural antioxidant and as a value-added ingredient in food products. The chemical composition of the EO H. italicum cultivated in Serbia was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The quantitative structure–retention relationship was used to predict the retention indices of the EO constituents acquired by GC-MS data, applying five molecular descriptors selected by factor analysis and a genetic algorithm. Also, antimicrobial activity, and biological activity by four common antioxidant tests (DPPH and ABTS assays, reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching test), and in vitro antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory capacities were evaluated. A total of 70 EO constituents were detected, of which 17 (8.5%) could not be identified. The H. italicum EO in this study belonged to γ-curcumene chemotype. The coefficients of determination reached the value of 0.964, demonstrating that this model could be used for prediction purposes. All applied tests showed that H. italicum EO possesses good biological activity and an interesting chemical composition. Therefore, the EO of H. italicum grown in Serbia has a potential to be used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products.
Milica Aćimović; Jovana Ljujić; Jelena Vulić; Valtcho Zheljazkov; Lato Pezo; Ana Varga; Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac. Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don Essential Oil from Serbia: Chemical Composition, Classification and Biological Activity—May It Be a Suitable New Crop for Serbia? Agronomy 2021, 11, 1282 .
AMA StyleMilica Aćimović, Jovana Ljujić, Jelena Vulić, Valtcho Zheljazkov, Lato Pezo, Ana Varga, Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac. Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don Essential Oil from Serbia: Chemical Composition, Classification and Biological Activity—May It Be a Suitable New Crop for Serbia? Agronomy. 2021; 11 (7):1282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilica Aćimović; Jovana Ljujić; Jelena Vulić; Valtcho Zheljazkov; Lato Pezo; Ana Varga; Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac. 2021. "Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don Essential Oil from Serbia: Chemical Composition, Classification and Biological Activity—May It Be a Suitable New Crop for Serbia?" Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1282.
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb and J. sabina L. contain essential oil (EO), while J. sabina also contains podophyllotoxin, which is used as a precursor for anti-cancer drugs. Two studies were conducted. The first assessed the variability in the EO profile and podophyllotoxin concentration of the two junipers, depending on the location and tree gender. The main EO constituents of J. excelsa were α-cedrol, α-limonene and α-pinene, while the constituents in J. sabina were sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenyl acetate and α-cadinol. The podophyllotoxin yield of 18 J. sabina accessions was 0.07–0.32% (w/w), but this was not found in any of the J. excelsa accessions. The second study assessed the effect of hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and steam distillation (in a semi-commercial apparatus) on the EO profile and bioactivity. The extraction type did not significantly alter the EO composition. The EO profiles of the two junipers and their accessions were different and may be of interest to the industry utilizing juniper leaf EO. Breeding and selection programs could be developed with the two junipers (protected species) in order to identify chemotypes with (1) a high EO content and desirable composition, and (2) a high concentration of podophyllotoxin in J. sabina. Such chemotypes could be established as agricultural crops for the commercial production of podophyllotoxin and EO.
Valtcho Zheljazkov; Charles Cantrell; Ivanka Semerdjieva; Tzenka Radoukova; Albena Stoyanova; Vasilina Maneva; Miroslava Kačániová; Tess Astatkie; Daniela Borisova; Ivayla Dincheva; Ivan Salamon. Essential Oil Composition and Bioactivity of Two Juniper Species from Bulgaria and Slovakia. Molecules 2021, 26, 3659 .
AMA StyleValtcho Zheljazkov, Charles Cantrell, Ivanka Semerdjieva, Tzenka Radoukova, Albena Stoyanova, Vasilina Maneva, Miroslava Kačániová, Tess Astatkie, Daniela Borisova, Ivayla Dincheva, Ivan Salamon. Essential Oil Composition and Bioactivity of Two Juniper Species from Bulgaria and Slovakia. Molecules. 2021; 26 (12):3659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValtcho Zheljazkov; Charles Cantrell; Ivanka Semerdjieva; Tzenka Radoukova; Albena Stoyanova; Vasilina Maneva; Miroslava Kačániová; Tess Astatkie; Daniela Borisova; Ivayla Dincheva; Ivan Salamon. 2021. "Essential Oil Composition and Bioactivity of Two Juniper Species from Bulgaria and Slovakia." Molecules 26, no. 12: 3659.
The extraction of coalbed methane produces a significant amount of coalbed methane co-produced water (CBMW). Coalbed methane co-produced water is often characterized by high levels of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na) and bicarbonate (HCO−3) and if used for irrigation without treatment, it may be detrimental to the surrounding soil, plants and environment. CBMW ideally should be disposed of by reinjection into the ground, but because of the significant cost associated, CBMW is commonly discharged onto soil or water surfaces. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of the CBMW (with TDS value of Avena sativa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa)]. Various blends of CBMW with fresh water reduced fresh and dry weight of alfalfa by 21.5–32% and 13–30%, respectively, and fresh and dry weight of oat by 0–17% and 0–14%, respectively. Irrigation with various blends of CBMW and fresh water increased soil pH and soil sodium adsorption ratio. However, forage quality parameters such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) of both forage crops remained unaffected.
Shital Poudyal; Valtcho Zheljazkov. Irrigation with Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water Reduces Forage Yield and Increases Soil Sodicity However Does Not Impact Forage Quality. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3545 .
AMA StyleShital Poudyal, Valtcho Zheljazkov. Irrigation with Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water Reduces Forage Yield and Increases Soil Sodicity However Does Not Impact Forage Quality. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3545.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShital Poudyal; Valtcho Zheljazkov. 2021. "Irrigation with Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water Reduces Forage Yield and Increases Soil Sodicity However Does Not Impact Forage Quality." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3545.
The development of organic farming as a result of increasing consumer preference for organic food has led to the development and registration of new pest-control products for certified organic production. In this study, the effects of three biocontrol products containing spores and mycelium of Arthrobotrys oligospora—Artis®, Beauveria bassiana—Bora®, and Coniothyrium minitans—Öko-ni® were tested on four basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars: ‘Aromat de Buzau’, ‘Serafim’, ‘Macedon’ and ‘Cuisoare’. The application of Öko-ni® increased basil yields by 8% relative to Control. The application of Bora® increased chlorophyll content of basil leaves by 2% and the activity of photosynthesis by 66% relative to the Control. Basil essential oil (EO) content was increased by 18% with the application of Artis® and by 34% with the application of Bora® and Öko-ni®, respectively. The content of phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC varied; caffeic acid concentration was higher in the plants treated with Öko-ni®, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and rutin concentrations were higher in those treated with Artis®, while the quercitrin content was higher in Bora®-treated plants. The two main EO constituents that were identified were linalool and methyl chavicol in ‘Aromat de Buzau’, linalool and eugenol in ‘Serafim’, neral and geranial in ‘Macedon’, also linalool and eugenol in ‘Cuisoare’. The investigated myco-biocontrol products had positive effects on basil fresh biomass and EO content and also influenced the content of phenolic compounds.
Gabriel-Ciprian Teliban; Marian Burducea; Valtcho Zheljazkov; Ivayla Dincheva; Ilian Badjakov; Neculai Munteanu; Gabriela Mihalache; Alexandru Cojocaru; Lorena-Diana Popa; Vasile Stoleru. The Effect of Myco-Biocontrol Based Formulates on Yield, Physiology and Secondary Products of Organically Grown Basil. Agriculture 2021, 11, 180 .
AMA StyleGabriel-Ciprian Teliban, Marian Burducea, Valtcho Zheljazkov, Ivayla Dincheva, Ilian Badjakov, Neculai Munteanu, Gabriela Mihalache, Alexandru Cojocaru, Lorena-Diana Popa, Vasile Stoleru. The Effect of Myco-Biocontrol Based Formulates on Yield, Physiology and Secondary Products of Organically Grown Basil. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (2):180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel-Ciprian Teliban; Marian Burducea; Valtcho Zheljazkov; Ivayla Dincheva; Ilian Badjakov; Neculai Munteanu; Gabriela Mihalache; Alexandru Cojocaru; Lorena-Diana Popa; Vasile Stoleru. 2021. "The Effect of Myco-Biocontrol Based Formulates on Yield, Physiology and Secondary Products of Organically Grown Basil." Agriculture 11, no. 2: 180.
Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is a plant species from Lauraceae family, and is native to the Mediterranean region. The goal of this study was to compare chemical composition of laurel leaves and antibacterial activity of its essential oil (EO) from wild-grown trees in Greece and Georgia. The laurel leaves from the two native habitats had dissimilar concentrations of phenolic acids. Of the conjugated flavonols and flavons, kaempferol (1981.3 μg/g) and apigenin (1433.6 μg/g) were the major representatives in the leaves from Greece, while luteolin (839.1 μg/g) and kaempferol (688.1 μg/g) were the major ones in the leaves from Georgia, respectively. The EO content was 1.42% and 4.54% in the leaves from Greece and Georgia, respectively. The main EO constituents of the Greek laurel plants were 1,8-cineole (30.8%), α-terpinyl acetate (14.9%), α-terpineol (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), and terpinen-4-ol (6.0%). The main EO constituents of the Georgian laurel plants were 1,8-cineole (29.2%), α-terpinyl acetate (22.6%), sabinene (12.2%), and methyleugenol (8.1%). The EO antimicrobial activities against 20 microorganisms were determined. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, the Enterococcus faecalis strain was the most sensitive, followed by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Among the Candida species, C. albicans ATCC 10231 was the most sensitive to the laurel leaf EOs.
Galina Stefanova; Tanya Girova; Velizar Gochev; Magdalena Stoyanova; Zhana Petkova; Albena Stoyanova; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Comparative study on the chemical composition of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves from Greece and Georgia and the antibacterial activity of their essential oil. Heliyon 2020, 6, e05491 .
AMA StyleGalina Stefanova, Tanya Girova, Velizar Gochev, Magdalena Stoyanova, Zhana Petkova, Albena Stoyanova, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Comparative study on the chemical composition of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves from Greece and Georgia and the antibacterial activity of their essential oil. Heliyon. 2020; 6 (12):e05491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalina Stefanova; Tanya Girova; Velizar Gochev; Magdalena Stoyanova; Zhana Petkova; Albena Stoyanova; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Comparative study on the chemical composition of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves from Greece and Georgia and the antibacterial activity of their essential oil." Heliyon 6, no. 12: e05491.
The objective of this study was to evaluate wild growing Satureja kitaibelii, Thymus serpyllum, Origanum vulgare, Achillea millefolium and Achillea clypeolata with respect to their essential oil (EO) content, composition and antimicrobial activity. The five species were collected at Mt. Rtanj and the village of Sesalac, Eastern Serbia. The main EO constituents of Lamiaceae plants were p-cymene (24.4%), geraniol (63.4%) and germacrene D (21.5%) in Satureja kitaibelii, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare, respectively. A. millefolium EO had multiple constituents with major ones being camphor (9.8%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), terpinen-4-ol (6.3%) and 1,8-cineole (5.6%), while the main EO constituents of A. clypeolata were 1,8-cineole (45.1%) and camphor (18.2%). Antimicrobial testing of the EO showed that Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) was more sensitive to all of the tested EOs than Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). S. kitaibelii EO showed the highest antimicrobial activity against both tested bacterial strains. This is the first study to characterize the EO composition and antimicrobial activity of these five medicinal species from Eastern Serbia in comparison with comprehensive literature data. The results can be utilized by the perfumery, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries, but also for healing purposes in self-medication.
Milica Aćimović; Miroslav Zorić; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Lato Pezo; Ivana Čabarkapa; Jovana Stanković Jeremić; Mirjana Cvetković. Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Medicinal Plants from Eastern Serbia. Molecules 2020, 25, 5482 .
AMA StyleMilica Aćimović, Miroslav Zorić, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Lato Pezo, Ivana Čabarkapa, Jovana Stanković Jeremić, Mirjana Cvetković. Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Medicinal Plants from Eastern Serbia. Molecules. 2020; 25 (22):5482.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilica Aćimović; Miroslav Zorić; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Lato Pezo; Ivana Čabarkapa; Jovana Stanković Jeremić; Mirjana Cvetković. 2020. "Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Medicinal Plants from Eastern Serbia." Molecules 25, no. 22: 5482.
Central Oregon is an important production region for hybrid carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed. Hybrid carrots are favored by the fresh vegetable market, but often produce lower and less consistent seed yields than traditional open‐pollinated varieties. Understanding how hybrid carrots use nutrients to support seed production for hybrid varieties can help growers manage soil fertility for optimal seed yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate seasonal nutrient partitioning and uptake in a modern Nantes‐type hybrid carrot grown for seed. Plants from four randomized replicated plots in two commercial fields were destructively sampled throughout the growing season, separated into roots, tops, and umbels; seed samples were collected at harvest. Plant samples were weighed and dried for biomass content and analyzed for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B concentration. Mean whole plant nutrient uptake at crop maturity for N, P2O5, K2O, S, Ca, Mg, and Na was 137, 35, 229, 16, 105, 38, and 25 kg ha−1, respectively; Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B uptake was 156, 1,984, 414, 35, and 305 g ha−1, respectively. Our findings highlighted the critical need for Cu in initial crop establishment, for N, K, Zn, and Fe in crown development, and for P and Zn in seed development, based on nutrient uptake proportion relative to the other nutrients taken up during that period. This information is available as a resource to agronomists, crop advisors, and growers who are interested in optimizing nutrient management practices for hybrid carrot seed production. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Amber D. Moore; John F. Spring; Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova; Tracy L. Wilson. Seasonal nutrient partitioning and uptake in hybrid carrot seed production. Agronomy Journal 2020, 113, 1934 -1944.
AMA StyleAmber D. Moore, John F. Spring, Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova, Tracy L. Wilson. Seasonal nutrient partitioning and uptake in hybrid carrot seed production. Agronomy Journal. 2020; 113 (2):1934-1944.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmber D. Moore; John F. Spring; Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova; Tracy L. Wilson. 2020. "Seasonal nutrient partitioning and uptake in hybrid carrot seed production." Agronomy Journal 113, no. 2: 1934-1944.
Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae Bartlett) sensu lato is a species of high phenotypic and phytochemical variability. There is interest in the development of this species into cultivated crop because wild collection of galbuli or leaves result in significant variation in the essential oil (EO) profile and bioactivity. The objectives of this study were tо assess the variability of EO content and composition of J. oxycedrus collected at 20 populations (interpopulation) across Bulgaria and also intrapopulation variability using advanced statistical methods, and to identify promising clones that can be propagated and further investigated under cultivation. Overall, the EO yield of leaves varied from 0.03 % to 0.20 % (interpopulation), from 0.04 % to 0.18 % (intrapopulation), whille the galbuli EO varied from 0.83 % to 2.6 % (interpopulation) and from 1.2 % tо 1.9 % (intrapopulation), respectively. Monoterpenes was the predominant chemical class of galbuli ЕO, ranging from 53.4%to–69.5% (intrapopulation), while in leaf EO, the predominant class was sesquiterpenes (46.2 %–67.4 %) (intrapopulation). The major constituents (α-pinene, limonene, α-curcumene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, manoyl oxide, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide) of leaf EO were considered for grouping the populations in eight chemotypes, whereas twenty-seven chemical groups were established for the interpopulation study. The EO of galbuli in the interpopulation study formed five chemical groups. The present study is the first report to demonstrate such variability of EO between and within the populations of J. oxycedrus, and the first report to identify so many chemical groups based on the leaf and galbuli EO. Galbuli ЕO showed different аntimicrobial activity towards Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida kruseii, and C. tropicalis. This study identified promising genetic material (clones) that could be further propagated and developed into cultivars for commercial production of J. oxycedrus oil with desirable profile, aroma, and bioactivity to meet specific market demands.
Ivanka B. Semerdjieva; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Ivayla Dincheva; Tess Astatkie; Miroslava Kačániová. Chemotypes of Juniperus oxycedrus in Bulgaria and the antimicrobial activity of galbuli essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 158, 113005 .
AMA StyleIvanka B. Semerdjieva, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Ivayla Dincheva, Tess Astatkie, Miroslava Kačániová. Chemotypes of Juniperus oxycedrus in Bulgaria and the antimicrobial activity of galbuli essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 158 ():113005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvanka B. Semerdjieva; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Ivayla Dincheva; Tess Astatkie; Miroslava Kačániová. 2020. "Chemotypes of Juniperus oxycedrus in Bulgaria and the antimicrobial activity of galbuli essential oils." Industrial Crops and Products 158, no. : 113005.
Grecian juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.) is an evergreen tree and a rare plant found in very few locations in southern Bulgaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of J. excelsa unripe and ripe galbuli from three different locations in Bulgaria. The essential oil content ranged between 1.9% and 5.1%, while the lipid fraction yield was between 4.5% and 9.1%. The content of total chlorophyll was 185.4–273.4 μg/g dw. The total carotenoid content ranged between 41.7 and 50.4 μg/g dw of ripe galbuli, and protein content was between 13.6% and 16.4%. Histidine (5.5 and 8.0 mg/g content range) and lysine (4.0 and 6.1 mg/g) were the major essential amino acids. The antioxidant potential of the 95% and 70% ethanol extracts was analyzed using four different methods. A positive correlation between the antioxidant potential and phenolic content of the galbuli was found. The results obtained in this study demonstrated the differences in phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of J. excelsa galbuli as a function of maturity stage and collection locality.
Stanko Stankov; Hafize Fidan; Zhana Petkova; Magdalena Stoyanova; Nadezhda Petkova; Albena Stoyanova; Ivanka Semerdjieva; Tzenka Radoukova; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Comparative Study on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Grecian Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) Unripe and Ripe Galbuli. Plants 2020, 9, 1207 .
AMA StyleStanko Stankov, Hafize Fidan, Zhana Petkova, Magdalena Stoyanova, Nadezhda Petkova, Albena Stoyanova, Ivanka Semerdjieva, Tzenka Radoukova, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Comparative Study on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Grecian Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) Unripe and Ripe Galbuli. Plants. 2020; 9 (9):1207.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanko Stankov; Hafize Fidan; Zhana Petkova; Magdalena Stoyanova; Nadezhda Petkova; Albena Stoyanova; Ivanka Semerdjieva; Tzenka Radoukova; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Comparative Study on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Grecian Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) Unripe and Ripe Galbuli." Plants 9, no. 9: 1207.
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) is an ancient cultivated plant originating from Central Asia and historically has been a multi-use crop valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Various oriental and Asian cultures kept records of its production and numerous uses. Due to the similarities between industrial hemp (fiber and grain) and the narcotic/medical type of Cannabis, the production of industrial hemp was prohibited in most countries, wiping out centuries of learning and genetic resources. In the past two decades, most countries have legalized industrial hemp production, prompting a significant amount of research on the health benefits of hemp and hemp products. Current research is yet to verify the various health claims of the numerous commercially available hemp products. Hence, this review aims to compile recent advances in the science of industrial hemp, with respect to its use as value-added functional food ingredients/nutraceuticals and health benefits, while also highlighting gaps in our current knowledge and avenues of future research on this high-value multi-use plant for the global food chain.
H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe; Amy Davis; Shanthanu K. Kumar; Beth Murray; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. Molecules 2020, 25, 4078 .
AMA StyleH. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe, Amy Davis, Shanthanu K. Kumar, Beth Murray, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. Molecules. 2020; 25 (18):4078.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe; Amy Davis; Shanthanu K. Kumar; Beth Murray; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals." Molecules 25, no. 18: 4078.
The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of β-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5–10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80–120 min DT of nonground material. High δ-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0–5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0–5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80–120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of β-caryophyllene, α-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80–120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120–180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Vladimir Sikora; Ivanka B. Semerdjieva; Miroslava Kačániová; Tess Astatkie; Ivayla Dincheva. Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2020, 25, 3943 .
AMA StyleValtcho D. Zheljazkov, Vladimir Sikora, Ivanka B. Semerdjieva, Miroslava Kačániová, Tess Astatkie, Ivayla Dincheva. Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules. 2020; 25 (17):3943.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValtcho D. Zheljazkov; Vladimir Sikora; Ivanka B. Semerdjieva; Miroslava Kačániová; Tess Astatkie; Ivayla Dincheva. 2020. "Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity." Molecules 25, no. 17: 3943.
For the first time the volatile fraction of coffee silverskin has been studied focusing on odor-active compounds detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry/flame ionization detector (GC-O/FID) system. Two approaches, namely headspace (HS) analysis by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and odor-active compounds analysis by gas chromatography-olfactometry/flame ionization detector (GC-O/FID), have been employed to fully characterize the aroma profile of this by-product. This work also provided an entire characterization of the bioactive compounds present in coffee silverskin, including alkaloids, chlorogenic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and secoiridoids, by using different extraction procedures and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) system. Coffee silverskin was shown to be a good source of caffeine and chlorogenic acids but also of phenolic acids and flavonoids. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the coffee silverskin was established by GC-FID system. The results from this research could contribute to the development of innovative applications and reuses of coffee silverskin, an interesting resource with a high potential to be tapped by the food and nutraceutical sector, and possibly also in the cosmetics and perfumery.
Simone Angeloni; Serena Scortichini; Dennis Fiorini; Gianni Sagratini; Sauro Vittori; Silva D. Neiens; Martin Steinhaus; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Filippo Maggi; Giovanni Caprioli. Characterization of Odor-Active Compounds, Polyphenols, and Fatty Acids in Coffee Silverskin. Molecules 2020, 25, 2993 .
AMA StyleSimone Angeloni, Serena Scortichini, Dennis Fiorini, Gianni Sagratini, Sauro Vittori, Silva D. Neiens, Martin Steinhaus, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Filippo Maggi, Giovanni Caprioli. Characterization of Odor-Active Compounds, Polyphenols, and Fatty Acids in Coffee Silverskin. Molecules. 2020; 25 (13):2993.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Angeloni; Serena Scortichini; Dennis Fiorini; Gianni Sagratini; Sauro Vittori; Silva D. Neiens; Martin Steinhaus; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Filippo Maggi; Giovanni Caprioli. 2020. "Characterization of Odor-Active Compounds, Polyphenols, and Fatty Acids in Coffee Silverskin." Molecules 25, no. 13: 2993.
The genus Nicotiana (Solanaceae) includes over 70 species, with a long history of traditional use; many of them are nowadays used in bioengineering, biosynthesis, molecular biology, and other studies, while common tobacco, N. tabacum L., is one of the most economically important industrial crops worldwide. Although Nicotiana species have been extensively investigated, relatively less research has focused on flowers, especially research related to obtaining aromatic products for cosmetic and perfumery use. On the other hand, there is evidence that Nicotiana flowers accumulate various secondary metabolites with a distinct aroma and biological activities, and the flowers represent a biomass available in sufficient quantities. Therefore, this study aimed to determinate the chemical composition (by GC-MS) and the olfactory profiles of a specific type of natural aromatic product (concrete), obtained from the flowers of four Nicotiana species, in a direct comparison between them. The yields of extracted concrete were sufficiently high, varying between the species, 1.4% (N. rustica L.), 2.5% (N. glutinosa L.), 1.6% (N. alata Link&Otto genotype with white flowers), 2.7% (N. alata genotype with pink flowers), 3.2% (N. tabacum, Oriental type), and 5.2% (N. tabacum, Virginia type). The major components of the obtained concretes belonged to different chemical classes: N. rustica and N. tabacum (OR), the hydrocarbons n-tetratriacontane (14.5%; 15.0%) and n-triacontane (12.1%; 13.3%), and 3-methyl-pentanoic acid (11.1%; 12.2%); N. glutinosa, the diterpenes sclareol (25.9%), 3-α-hydroxy-manool (16.3%), and 13-epimanool (14.9%); N. alata (WF), the phenylpropanoid terephthalic acid and di(2-ethylhexyl) ester (42.9%); N. alata (PF), the diterpene tributyl acetylcitrate (30.7%); and N. tabacum (FCV), the hydrocarbons n-hexacosane (12.9%) and n-pentacosane (12.9%). Each of the flower concretes revealed a characteristic odor profile. This is the first report about Nicotiana species as a source for obtaining flower concretes; these initial results about the concrete yield, olfactory profile, and chemical composition are a prerequisite for the possible processing of Nicotiana flowers into new aromatic products for use in perfumery and cosmetics. The study provides new data in favor of the potential of the four Nicotiana species as aromatic plants, as well as a possible alternative use of flowers, a valuable, but discarded, plant material in other applications.
Venelina Popova; Tanya Ivanova; Albena Stoyanova; Violeta Nikolova; Tsveta Hristeva; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species. Molecules 2020, 25, 2617 .
AMA StyleVenelina Popova, Tanya Ivanova, Albena Stoyanova, Violeta Nikolova, Tsveta Hristeva, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species. Molecules. 2020; 25 (11):2617.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenelina Popova; Tanya Ivanova; Albena Stoyanova; Violeta Nikolova; Tsveta Hristeva; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species." Molecules 25, no. 11: 2617.
The Balkans endemic species Alkanna primuliflora Griseb., A. stribrnyi Velen., and A. graeca Boiss. & Spruner have limited distribution in the Balkan Peninsula and a large variation in the morphological characteristics. The populations of the three Alkanna species in the Bulgarian flora are small and fragmented. There are no previous reports on the chemical profile or on the embryology of these species. The hypothesis was that the limited distribution of A. primuliflora, A. stribrnyi, and A. graeca was due to their reproductive capacity and genetic diversity. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the three species will contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), as other species of the genus Alkanna (Boraginaceae), but they would have differential alkaloids composition. The population genetic structure and differentiation showed a clear distinction between species and revealed average levels of genetic diversity among the natural populations of the three Alkanna species. The embryological investigation observed stability of the processes in the male and female generative spheres and high viability of mature pollen and embryo of the three species. The normal formation of male and female gametophytes without deviations or degenerative processes, and observed levels of genetic diversity between Alkanna individuals are important in maintaining the size and resilience of the Alkanna populations. Eight alkaloids were identified by GC-MS in A. primuliflora and A. graeca and six alkaloids in A. stribrnyi. The main pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in all investigated species was triangularine. A. primuliflora and A. graeca showed similar chemical composition that comprised 9-angeloylretronecine, 7-tigloylretronecine, 9-tigloylretronecine, triangularicine, dihydroxytriangularine, dihydroxytriangularicine, whereas, in A. stribrnyi 9-tigloylretronecine, triangularicine and dihydroxytriangularicine were not found. This is the first report on the presence of PAs in A. primuliflora, A. stribrnyi and A. graeca. Besides, this is the first report on the embryology of these endemic species. The results contribute to the knowledge of the three endemic Alkanna species and will facilitate policy-making and defining new strategies for their conservation.
Ivanka Semerdjieva; Galya Petrova; Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova; Tsvetelina Doncheva; Nadezhda Kostova; Rozalia Nikolova; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0233516 .
AMA StyleIvanka Semerdjieva, Galya Petrova, Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova, Tsvetelina Doncheva, Nadezhda Kostova, Rozalia Nikolova, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (6):e0233516.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvanka Semerdjieva; Galya Petrova; Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova; Tsvetelina Doncheva; Nadezhda Kostova; Rozalia Nikolova; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species." PLOS ONE 15, no. 6: e0233516.
Studies on the impact of agricultural practices on plant diversity provide important information for policy makers and the conservation of the environment. The aim of the present work was to evaluate wild plant diversity across the agroecosystems in two contrasting regions of Bulgaria; Pazardzhik-Plovdiv (representing agroecosystems in the lowlands) and Western Stara Planina (the Balkan Mountains, representing agroecosystems in the foothills of the mountains). This study conducted a two-year assessment of plant diversity in different types of agricultural and forest ecosystems, representing more than 30 land use types. Plant diversity, measured by species number, was affected by the land use type only in Pazardzhik-Plovdiv region. More pronounced was the effect of the groups of land use types on the diversity, measured by the mean species number per scoring plot. Climatic conditions, measured by 19 bioclimatic variables, were the most important factor affecting plant species diversity. Six bioclimatic variables had a significant effect on the plant diversity, and the effect was more pronounced when the analysis considered pooled data of the two regions. The highest plant diversity was found on grazing land with sparse tree cover, while the lowest one was in the land use types representing annual crops or fallow. The study also established a database on weed species, relevant to agriculture. A number of common weeds were found in the Pazardzhik-Plovdiv region, while the most frequent species in the Western Stara Planina region were indigenous ones. Overall, the natural flora of Western Stara Planina was more conserved; eleven orchid species with conservation significance were found in the pastures and meadows in that region. The present study is the first attempt in Bulgaria to characterize the plant diversity across diverse agroecosystems representing many different land use types and environmental conditions. The results can contribute to nature conservation, biodiversity, and the sustainable use of plant resources.
Ina Aneva; Peter Zhelev; Simeon Lukanov; Mariya Peneva; Kiril Vassilev; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity. Plants 2020, 9, 602 .
AMA StyleIna Aneva, Peter Zhelev, Simeon Lukanov, Mariya Peneva, Kiril Vassilev, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity. Plants. 2020; 9 (5):602.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIna Aneva; Peter Zhelev; Simeon Lukanov; Mariya Peneva; Kiril Vassilev; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity." Plants 9, no. 5: 602.
Previous studies in the long-term experiments at Pendleton, OR (USA), were focused on organic matter cycling, but the consequences of land management for nutrient status over time have received little attention. Soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tissue samples were analyzed to determine the macronutrient dynamics associated with residue management methods and fertilizer rate under a dryland winter wheat-fallow rotation. The treatments included: no burn residue incorporation with farmyard manure (FYM) or pea vines, no burn or spring burn with application of N fertilizer (0, 45, and 90 kg ha−1), and fall burn wheat residue incorporation. The results revealed no differences on the effect of residue burning on macronutrient concentration over time. After receiving the same treatments for 84 years, the concentrations of soil organic C, total N and S, and extractable Mg, K, P in the 0–10 cm depth significantly increased in FYM plots compared to the rest of the plots. The N fertilization rate of 90 kg ha−1 reduced the accumulations of P, K, and Ca in grain compared to the 0 and 45 kg N ha−1 applications. The results indicate that residue incorporation with FYM can play vital role in reducing the macronutrient decline over time.
Santosh Shiwakoti; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Hero T. Gollany; Markus Kleber; Baoshan Xing; Tess Astatkie. Macronutrient in soils and wheat from long-term agroexperiments reflects variations in residue and fertilizer inputs. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 3263 -9.
AMA StyleSantosh Shiwakoti, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Hero T. Gollany, Markus Kleber, Baoshan Xing, Tess Astatkie. Macronutrient in soils and wheat from long-term agroexperiments reflects variations in residue and fertilizer inputs. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):3263-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantosh Shiwakoti; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Hero T. Gollany; Markus Kleber; Baoshan Xing; Tess Astatkie. 2020. "Macronutrient in soils and wheat from long-term agroexperiments reflects variations in residue and fertilizer inputs." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 3263-9.
Satureja pilosa Velen. senso lato is a Balkan endemic plant that is not well characterized and is found on rocky outcrops of limestone base in Stara Planina (the Balkan Mountains) and the Rhodope Mountains. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of essential oil (EO) content and composition of S. pilosa collected at 33 locations across the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria using advanced statistical methods including cluster analysis. The EO content in dried aboveground biomass varied from 0.52% to 2.03%. More than 21 EO constituents were identified, belonging to the groups of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The monoterpenes were the predominant class, comprising 84.8% to 96.1% of the total EO. Thymol and carvacrol were the major constituents of the phenolic monoterpenoids. Thymol varied from 36.6% to 67.1% and carvacrol varied from 52.4% to 93.0% of the total oil. p-Cymene also varied widely, from 9.6%–34.0%. There were significant variations between locations and within a location in the EO content and composition. This study identified several chemotypes: (1) thymol and p-cymene; (2) thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene; (3) carvacrol and p-cymene; (4) carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene; and (5) carvacrol. This is the first comprehensive study on the endemic plant S. pilosa that identified several chemotypes based on the EO composition. The S. pilosa EO from the five different chemotypes exhibited larvicidal and mosquito repellent activity against Aedes aegypti. The identified chemotypes can be utilized for the development of new varieties with desirable compositions to meet specific industry needs and new mosquito management control products.
Ivanka B. Semerdjieva; Valtcho D Zheljazkov; Charles L. Cantrell; Tess Astatkie; Abbas Ali. Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae). Molecules 2020, 25, 827 .
AMA StyleIvanka B. Semerdjieva, Valtcho D Zheljazkov, Charles L. Cantrell, Tess Astatkie, Abbas Ali. Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae). Molecules. 2020; 25 (4):827.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvanka B. Semerdjieva; Valtcho D Zheljazkov; Charles L. Cantrell; Tess Astatkie; Abbas Ali. 2020. "Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae)." Molecules 25, no. 4: 827.
The intent of this study was to utilize distillation timeframes (DT) of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil (EO) to generate fractions with differential chemical compositions and bioactivity. Ten fractions were captured at the following distillation timeframes: 0.0–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.5, 2.5–5.0, 5.0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–240 min. In addition, a control EO was collected from a straight 0–240 min non-stop distillation. ANOVA and advanced regression modeling revealed that the produced EO fractions possess substantial variation in the concentration of potentially desired compounds. The concentrations (%) of α-phellandrene, 3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, and myrcene decreased, while the concentrations (%) of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, and myristicin increased in later DT fractions. Nutmeg EO showed some antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6, but did not exhibit significant antifungal activity. In general, nutmeg seed oil yields increased with an increase of DT. These results may be utilized by industries using nutmeg EO.
Mohamed A. Ibrahim; Charles L. Cantrell; Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova; Tess Astatkie; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Utilization of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Seed Hydrodistillation Time to Produce Essential Oil Fractions with Varied Compositions and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules 2020, 25, 565 .
AMA StyleMohamed A. Ibrahim, Charles L. Cantrell, Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova, Tess Astatkie, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Utilization of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Seed Hydrodistillation Time to Produce Essential Oil Fractions with Varied Compositions and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules. 2020; 25 (3):565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A. Ibrahim; Charles L. Cantrell; Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova; Tess Astatkie; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Utilization of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Seed Hydrodistillation Time to Produce Essential Oil Fractions with Varied Compositions and Pharmacological Effects." Molecules 25, no. 3: 565.
N. glutinosa L. is a relatively less studied Nicotiana species (Solanaceae), although there are data about its importance as a model plant in viral control studies, as a gene donor in tobacco hybridization and as a source of agents with insecticidal or fungicidal effects. The biological activities of the species were associated mostly with the presence of leaf surface metabolites, in particular diterpenes and sucrose esters. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) and two aromatic extraction products (concrete and resinoid) obtained from N. glutinosa L. leaves. GC-MS analysis identified 26 components in the EO (representing 97.3% of total oil content), which contained mostly diterpene compounds with major components manool (14.2%), sclarene (8.4%) and manoyl oxide (8.1%). The number of compounds identified in the concrete was 37 (95.5% of the total content) and the major component was the diterpene alcohol sclareol (14.2%). In the resinoid, 30 volatile components (representing 95.1% of resinoid content) were identified, with major components nicotine (32.9%), α-tocopherol (8.2%), tridecanoin (6.9%), sclareol (6.9%), and solanone (6.9%). The group of bicyclic diterpenes had the largest share in the diterpene fraction of the products (57.3%, 91.7%, and 86.3%, respectively for the EO, concrete, and resinoid). Considering the abundance of sclareol in the aromatic products, the antimicrobial activity of the pure substance was determined. Sclareol was highly effective against a set of medicinally important yeasts; Candida albicans АТСС 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. parapsilosis clinical isolate, and C. tropicalis NBIMCC 23, while being less effective against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Data from the study on N. glutinosa aromatic products composition may be of interest to the aroma industries for their possible use in perfumery and cosmetics.
Venelina Popova; Tanya Ivanova; Albena Stoyanova; Violeta Nikolova; Tsveta Hristeva; Velizar Gochev; Yonko Yonchev; Nikolay Nikolov; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Terpenoids in the Essential Oil and Concentrated Aromatic Products Obtained from Nicotiana glutinosa L. Leaves. Molecules 2019, 25, 30 .
AMA StyleVenelina Popova, Tanya Ivanova, Albena Stoyanova, Violeta Nikolova, Tsveta Hristeva, Velizar Gochev, Yonko Yonchev, Nikolay Nikolov, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. Terpenoids in the Essential Oil and Concentrated Aromatic Products Obtained from Nicotiana glutinosa L. Leaves. Molecules. 2019; 25 (1):30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenelina Popova; Tanya Ivanova; Albena Stoyanova; Violeta Nikolova; Tsveta Hristeva; Velizar Gochev; Yonko Yonchev; Nikolay Nikolov; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2019. "Terpenoids in the Essential Oil and Concentrated Aromatic Products Obtained from Nicotiana glutinosa L. Leaves." Molecules 25, no. 1: 30.
The aim of this study was to establish the kinetics regression models for yield and composition of Ruta graveolens fruit and Hyssopus officinalis subsp. aristatus aboveground biomass essential oil (EO), collected at different time intervals during the hydrodistillation process. The hypothesis was that collecting the EO fractions during specific time frames may result in EOs with dissimilar composition that may have differential use by the industry. Furthermore, we calculated the kinetics regression models for the composition of EO, isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. The EO yield of R. graveolens fruits was 0.39% (relative area % of GC-FID chromatogram), with major constituents in the Control fraction (0-90 min) being 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, and 2-undecanol, representing 65% of the total oil. The highest concentration of 2-nonanone (60%) was found in the 30-60 min oil fraction, the concentration of 2-undecanone (35%) was highest in the Control (0-90 min) fraction, and the concentration of eucalyptol (19%) was highest in the 5-10 min fraction. The EO yield of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus dried biomass was 1.12%. The major constituents in the Control fraction (0-90 min) of H. officinalis biomass were eucalyptol, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, and cis-3-pinanone, representing 86% of the total. Eucalyptol (58%) was the highest in the 0-5 min fraction. The highest β-pinene (15%) and cis-3-pinanone (20%) contents were found in the 20-40 min fraction. The kinetics regression models that were developed for EO composition of R. graveolens were second-order polynominal, Michaelis-Menten, and Exponential decay, while for EO composition of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus biomass were Exponential decay and Power. The results from this study could benefit the EO industry.
Ivanka B. Semerdjieva; Marian Burducea; Tess Astatkie; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Ivayla Dincheva. Essential Oil Composition of Ruta graveolens L. Fruits and Hyssopus officinalis Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman Biomass as a Function of Hydrodistillation Time. Molecules 2019, 24, 4047 .
AMA StyleIvanka B. Semerdjieva, Marian Burducea, Tess Astatkie, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Ivayla Dincheva. Essential Oil Composition of Ruta graveolens L. Fruits and Hyssopus officinalis Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman Biomass as a Function of Hydrodistillation Time. Molecules. 2019; 24 (22):4047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvanka B. Semerdjieva; Marian Burducea; Tess Astatkie; Valtcho D. Zheljazkov; Ivayla Dincheva. 2019. "Essential Oil Composition of Ruta graveolens L. Fruits and Hyssopus officinalis Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman Biomass as a Function of Hydrodistillation Time." Molecules 24, no. 22: 4047.