The quadriceps angle (Q angle), formed between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon, is considered clinically as a very important parameter which displays the biomechanical effect of the quadriceps muscle on the knee, and it is also regarded a crucial factor for the proper posture and movement of the knee patella. The Q angle is routinely and regularly used as an assessment parameter during the diagnosis of many knee-related problems, including the anterior knee pain, osteoarthritis, and degenerative knee disorders. This study had been conducted so as to measure the normal Q angle values range in the Arab nationalities and determine the correlation between Q angle values and several body parameters, including gender, height, weight, dominant side, and the condylar distance of the femur. The study includes 500 healthy young Arab students from the Yarmouk University and Jordan University of Science and Technology. The Q angle of those volunteers was measured using a universal manual Goniometer with the subjects in the upright weight-bearing position. It was found that Q angle was greater in young women than young men. Also, the analysis of the data revealed an insignificant increase in the dominant side of the Q angle. In addition, the Q angle was significantly higher in the taller people of both sexes. However, the Q angle did not present any considerable correlation with weight in the study population; conversely, it was clearly observed that there was a link with the condylar distance of the femur in both sexes. It was also noticed that the Q angle increased remarkably when there was an increase in the condylar distance. Consequently, it turned out that the gender, height, and the condylar distance were momentous factors that had impact on the Q angle in our study samples. However, weight and dominancy factors did not show to have any influence on the values in our study.

The Corpus Callosum (CC) is an important structure that includes the majority of fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres. Several neurodegenerative diseases may alter CC size and morphology leading to its atrophy and malfunction which may play a role in the pathological manifestations found in these diseases. The purpose of the current study is to determine any possible changes in CC size in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. The Study also investigated the effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) on the size of CC and its association with improvement in the Alzheimer disease severity scores. Midsagittal size of CC were recorded prospectively from 439 routine T1-weighted MRI brain images in normal individuals. The internal skull surface was measured to calculate CC/ internal skull surface ratio. Two groups of patients were studied: 300 (150 male / 150 female) were healthy subjects and 130 (55 males / 75 females) had Alzheimer disease. Out of the 130 Alzheimer disease pateints, 70 patients were treated with Donepezil or Rivastigmine or both. The size of the CC was measured based on T1-weighted MRI images after the treatment to investigate any possible improvement in CC size. The mean surface area of CC in controls was 6.53±1.105 cm². There was no significant difference between males and females (P < 0.627), and CC/ internal skull surface ratio was 4.41±0.77%. Patients with mild or severe Alzheimer disease showed a significant reduction in CC size compared to healthy controls. Treating mild Alzheimer patients with either Donepezil or Rivastigmine exerts a comparable therapeutic effect in improving the CC size. There was more improvement in the size of CC in patients with severe Alzheimer disease by using combined therapy of Donepezil and Rivastigmine than using single a medication. we measured the mean size of the various portions of the corpus callosum in normal individuals and Alzheimer patients before and after taking Donepezil and Rivastigmine. Alzheimer patients have pronounced reduction in CC which is corrected after taking Donepezil and Rivastigmine leading to remarkable improvement in Alzheimer disease severity scores.

COVID-19 created extraordinary challenges to anatomy education and teaching practices, as the anatomists try to achieve best knowledge delivery level for their discipline, without the use of traditional teaching aids such as the cadavers and microscopic slides. The present study was conducted to collect medical students’ response and opinions regarding the pros and cons of online teaching vs traditional teaching. 2263 medical studentswere recruited from the first three academic years. A multiple choice close-ended questionnaire regarding their opinion about virtual teaching mode for the anatomy discipline during COVID-19 pandemic was designed and circulated via emails.The majority (78.12 %) of the students agreed that they missed their traditional anatomy learning mode. Moreover, (92.92 %) of the students missed their campus and the college social life. The students strongly felt there is a gap and difficulty in understanding the topics that required practicing and visual orientation such as dissections, models, microscopic slides which help them in better memorizing and recalling the anatomical terms. The lack of proper devices and the absence of high quality internet were among the top reported issues that negatively affect online learning. These results indicated that, compared with traditional methods of teachings, the online learning in the medical schools had relatively poor planning and required continuous and combined efforts in order to improve the quality of online teaching specially for anatomy discipline, which may be an essential response for any unforeseen situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We should look at the current situation as an opportunity to apply modern anatomy education approaches which may be a necessity at the present time, with huge accomplishments achieved in the information and online technology field.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been successfully used in treating many diseases which being verified by many preclinical and clinical trials. Despite the exciting therapeutic potential of MSCs, multiple challenges encountered which hinder researchers from achieving successful clinical translations. Many studies have showed that moderate hypoxia (1-7% O2) considered as an important regulator of MSCs homing, migration, and differentiation. Additionally, low oxygen tension levels have been implicated in the maintenance of MSCs quiescence and plasticity in general. On the other hand, severe hypoxia (1% O2) negatively affects the in vitro therapeutic potential of MSCs and causing their poor survival. Using Elisa assay we assessed some major adhesion markers that are known to be secreted by MSCs and play a role in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion under normoxia (21% O2) and severe hypoxia (0.5% O2). These markers including: SDF1-α, CXCR4, FAK, VEGF and ICAM-1. The results showed a significant drop in the adhesion markers in MSCs under severe hypoxia in comparing to normoxia, which causes a disruption in the cell-cell adhesion abilities of MSCs and ultimately can affect the incorporation of MSCs at the host site. These Findings can open new avenue to improve the attachment of MSCs at the transplantation site by targeting the adhesion and chemokines markers.