The COVID-19 pandemic started over 2 years ago and spread rapidly throughout the world. The total number of cases and deaths is still increasing and the situation remains active across the globe. In the Asian region, COVID-19 vaccination began in early 2021; however, the COVID-19 situation remains uncertain. This study aims to compare the factors that influenced the COVID-19 pandemic situation in three countries in Asia (namely, Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan) throughout 2021. This ecological study utilises the data from the ‘Our World in Data’ website. In this study, the COVID-19 pandemic situation in each country is described by looking at the average daily number of deaths and cases per million population throughout 2021. A paired t-test was conducted to compare the significance of differences in the pandemic situation between 2020 and 2021. In addition, the COVID-19 vaccination profiles throughout 2021 were investigated. A multiple linear regression analysis was then performed to develop models to explain the factors influencing the COVID-19 pandemic situation in these three countries. The COVID-19 pandemic situation in Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan in 2021 is significantly different from 2020. Malaysia had the highest COVID-19 vaccination coverage (79.4%), followed by Taiwan (78.5%) and Indonesia (58.3%). This study found that the following three factors consistently influenced the number of deaths and cases in these three countries [1]: positivity rate [2]; number of tests per 1000 population; and [3] number of tests per case. Although the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic situations in Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan was different, it is significantly influenced by the quality and quantity of COVID-19 testing and screening, in addition to the vaccination programmes and restriction policies implemented in each country. As a result of the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to mutate, it is recommended that each country strengthen their comprehensive approach to have an effective and efficient coping strategy for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The prevalence of stunting in East Java Province in 2022 reached 19.2%, showing a decrease compared to 2021, which recorded a prevalence rate of 23.5%. Despite the declining trend in stunting prevalence in East Java, the province has not yet achieved the Renstra target, which stipulates that the prevalence of stunting should decrease to 18.4% by 2022. Objectives: This study aims to investigate further the causes of stunting incidents in East Java Province. Methods: The method employed in this research is a literature review, where data sources are obtained using the Google Scholar electronic database. The research search process follows the PICOS protocol, formulating keywords using Boolean Operator techniques. The keywords used are "factors" AND "causes" OR "relationships" OR "risks" AND "stunting" AND "infants" OR "toddlers" OR "children." The selection of studies to be included in the review is adjusted to inclusion criteria: studies published in the last ten years (2013-2023), written in Indonesian and English, full-text, published, and open access. Exclusion criteria include age range, non-observational research, and studies that do not discuss the causes of stunting. Results: A total of 13 studies were used in compiling this review. The location characteristics of the studies were found in 10 Districts/Cities in the East Java Province. Over the past ten years, various factors have been recognized as causes of stunting based on the identified research publications. These factors include parenting styles, Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS), economic status, educational history of birth, history of infectious diseases, and maternal pregnancy history. Conclusions: The primary research focus on stunting incidents in toddlers in East Java Province is the parenting style provided by mothers. The level of maternal knowledge regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding (ASI), provision of Complementary Feeding (MPASI), and the intake of foods consumed by toddlers has a significant correlation with the occurrence of stunting and the developmental progress of children.

The aim of the study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the association between mortality risk and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women. We used relevant MeSH terms to identify epidemiological studies of mortality risk in relation to MVCs from PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE databases. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment. For comparison of mortality from MVCs between pregnant and nonpregnant women, the pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. The eight studies selected met all inclusion criteria. These studies included 14,120 injured victims who were pregnant at the time of the incident and 207,935 victims who were not pregnant. Compared with nonpregnant women, pregnant women had a moderate but insignificant decrease in mortality risk (pooled OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.38–1.22, I² = 88.71%). Subgroup analysis revealed that the pooled OR significantly increased at 1.64 (95% CI = 1.16–2.33, I² < 0.01%) for two studies with a similar difference in the mean injury severity score (ISS) between pregnant and nonpregnant women. Future studies should further explore the risk factors associated with MVCs in pregnant women to reduce maternal mortality.

Background: Based on the Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report, Indonesia is one of the countries with a triple burden of TB, and TB disease can attack all age groups, including children. East Java Province in 2019 was ranked third in the highest number of pediatric TB cases in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to describe the distribution trend of tuberculosis cases in children in East Java Province in 2017-2018 based on BCG immunization coverage, cases of malnutrition, amount of healthy houses, and households with PHBS. Methods: The research design was a descriptive study with a correlation study design. The populations were all districts/cities in East Java Province, with as many as 38 districts. The data analysis technique to describe the trend distribution of tuberculosis in children was the health mapper software on a computer developed by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: The distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis in children in East Java from 2017 to 2018 tends to increase. The city of Surabaya became the area with the highest incidence of tuberculosis in children from 2017 to 2018. Based on a spatial map, most districts or cities with BCG immunization coverage, cases of malnutrition, several healthy homes, and high PHBS households experience tuberculosis incidence in children is high. Conclusion: Based on the map, spatially, districts or cities with high cases of tuberculosis in children mainly occur in areas with cases of malnutrition, the number of healthy home environments, and high coverage of BCG immunization as well.

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus. Indonesia has been an endemic country for dengue hemorrhagic fever since 1968. There are several factors related to the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever, one of which is the human factor and that is population density. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between dengue hemorrhagic fever cases and population density in East Java Province in 2019-2020. Method: This study uses a cross-sectional design. The data used in this study are secondary data collected in 2019-2020from the province of East Java Health Profile. Data analysis used the Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normality of the data and then the Spearman correlation test to determine the relationship between variables. Result: The result of Spearman correlation test between cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and the population density showed a correlation with P = 0.033 in 2019 and p = 0.007 in 2020 where p <0.05. The strength of the relationship shows a moderate relationship with a negative relationship direction, the correlation coefficient value = -0.348 in 2019 and the correlation coefficient = -0.429. If the population density increases, the case of dengue hemorrhagic fever will decrease. Conclusion: As a result of the research, there is a relationship between cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and population density in East Java province in 2019-2020.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the bacteria Leptospira sp. Several areas in Indonesia have become endemic, one of which is in Probolinggo. In addition, this location is a flood-prone area and place for rat sentinel surveillance in the East Java region. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of the investigation of the Leptospirosis outbreak in Probolinggo. The study used a descriptive with a case report design on Leptospirosis cases between January to February 2022. The case was derived from the results of Leptospirosis surveillance confirmation data. Based on the findings in January, a high incidence of Leptospirosis was reported and continues to be reported as W1 to the Health Office. Results showed from the investigation of the outbreak there were three cases, male patients, with jobs as traders, retirees, and farmers. The first case resides in Maron District, the second case in Kanigaran District, and the third case in Mayangan District. Most cases were diagnosed as probable (67%) and others as suspect (33%). The three cases had almost the same symptoms such as dizziness, fever, yellow eyes, and muscle aches throughout the body. Two of the three cases were declared dead. It can be concluded that Probolinggo designated as an outbreak of Leptospirosis in 2022. The leptospirosis sentinel surveillance activities carried out were able to detect outbreaks.