Groundwater is the most important water resource, on which depends human geo-economic development and survival. Recent environmental changes and anthropogenic activities render groundwater severely vulnerable. Groundwater in Central Sindh, Pakistan, is facing a similar situation. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater in the said region were investigated by analyzing 59 groundwater samples via agricultural and drinking indices, using various statistical methods and graphical approaches to identify factors affecting groundwater. Major reactions occurring in the groundwater system were quantified by hydrogeochemical modeling. A statistical summary reveals the abundance of cations is Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺, while the abundance of anions is HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄². Groundwater chemistry is mainly of rock dominance. Correlation analysis and graphical relationships between ions reveal that ion exchange and rock weathering such as the dissolution of halite, albite, and dissolution of carbonate minerals are important rock–water interactions, governing the evolution of groundwater chemistry. Hydrochemical facies are predominantly of mixed CaMgCl and Na-Cl type, with few samples of Ca-HCO₃ type, which constitutes fresh recharged water. Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI), 28.82% samples were found to be unsuitable for drinking. A United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, Wilcox diagram, and other agricultural indices indicate that majority of the groundwater samples fall within the acceptable range for irrigation purposes.

We have human-environment relations inseparable since the creation of mankind. Being a developing country, Pakistan is striving to make developments in all the respective fields which alleviate our hot raising socio-economic issues. But beside the infrastructural and economic growth our environment is also getting polluted leaving behind several drastic and severe environmental crises and one of the adverse repercussions is environmental pollution. The extreme effects of environmental pollution cannot be neglected and through proper and genuine laws and policies implementations we can cope up such issues. This study reveals the history of environmental laws and policies and their implementations in Pakistan. Pakistan has a wide range of laws related to environment but the practice shows there is some problem which hinders to achieve the desired targets. This study mainly includes two main factors of pollution; water pollution and air pollution and their effects on population of Pakistan. Air pollution is top of the list for environmental protection agencies all over the world and same in Pakistan which is acting as a destructive bump for the economic growth of Pakistan. Moreover abruptly elevating health issues are one of the consequences of such factors of environmental pollution. This study also debates some survey of World Health Organization (WHO) and Health institute of USA about the number of people affected by these issues all over the world and in Pakistan. At the end there are concluding remarks concerning the environmental laws and policies in Pakistan, its implementation, current environmental situation with some suggestions and recommendations.

Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from various groundwater sources in District Sanghar, Sindh province, Pakistan, to understand the geochemical behavior of elevated As in groundwater. Statistical summary showed the cations and anions abundance in decreasing order of Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺, and HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻. Arsenic was found with low to high concentration levels ranging from 5 µg to 25 µg/L with a mean value of 12.9 µg/L. A major water type of groundwater samples was mixed with NaCl and CaHCO₃ type, interpreting the hydrochemical behavior of rock–water interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the mixed anthropogenic and natural sources of contamination in the study area. Moreover, rock weathering and exchange of ions controlled the hydrochemistry. Chloro-alkaline indices revealed the dominance of the reverse ion exchange mechanism in the region. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) exposed that 17 samples represent poor water, and 11 samples are not suitable for drinking.

Purpose: The purpose of this study examines that over the course of just a few years, deepfakes have become tools of synthetic misogyny, amplifying the scope, pace and anonymity of technology facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV). Design/methodology/approach: This a conceptual, interpretive and future-oriented study that uses causal layered analysis (CLA) as the main analytical method to deconstruct the deepfake-enabled TFGBV at four levels: litany, systemic causes, worldview/discourse and myth/metaphor. The analysis is drawn from feminist futures theory, intersectionality and technofeminism, and relies upon existing studies. Based on the CLA findings, four scenarios for 2025–2040 are designed: two scenarios related to the uncertainty of regulatory effectiveness and two to the uncertainty of the strength of the feminist movement. Findings: The findings show that without feminist-centered governance, deepfake ecologies will continue reinforcing gendered inequalities, undermining democratic participation and normalizing digital sexual violence. Finally, the paper proposes a roadmap for feminist artificial intelligence (AI) governance, structural accountability and culture-changing interventions. Research limitations/implications: Scenario forecasting (2025–2040) outlines four alternative futures, demonstrating how regulatory strength and feminist mobilization determine the direction of deepfake harm. Practical implications: The paper proposes a roadmap for feminist AI governance, structural accountability, and culture-changing interventions. Social implications: Findings show that without feminist-centered governance, deepfake ecologies will continue reinforcing gendered inequalities, undermining democratic participation and normalizing digital sexual violence. Originality/value: It applies feminist futures studies and CLA approaches to analyze TFGBV as a multi-layered socio-technical issue, not an exception to the technological order.