This study presents the determinants of trust in light of the scientific literature on trust and governance networks. The theoretical analysis focuses on differentiation of various types of trust and its determinants at both for-profit and nonprofit organizations. Moreover, the idea of a network is presented with the main attention given to the performance of collaborative service delivery networks. On the basis of theoretical study, a longitudinal analysis was performed at institutions providing services to the homeless people in Warsaw, Poland. During the periods of 2013 and 2017 to 2018, two cohorts of field questionnaire studies were conducted among employees of 18 social welfare centers (sample based on 18 Warsaw districts) and homeless shelters run by nonprofit organizations (samples of 19 and 22, respectively). These local government institutions and nonprofit organizations comprised the collaborative service delivery network under study. Mixed-method research was applied at welfare centers and nonprofit organizations (NGOs) where both frontline and management level employees were interviewed, and some data were statistically evaluated. The research was conducted using the same questionnaires at both points in time. The research showed that, from the perspective of social welfare centers, interorganizational trust in relation to other social welfare centers and to nonprofit organizations is positively correlated with perceived interorganizational effectiveness of other actors in the network (measured by the possibility of obtaining information, promptness, commitment, completeness and correctness of documents, and assessment of employees’ knowledge). The same results were obtained from the perspective of NGOs. In addition, these correlations remained almost unchanged over time, although the research was repeated after many years using the same variables. Finally, there is no basis to state that trust is correlated with outcome perception when considering the most difficult and complex social services.

The paper presents a fiscal policy model integrating tax avoidance, the complexity of tax systems and the fiscal solvency hypothesis within the traditional framework of tax competition. Furthermore, we take into account: taxation of consumption, possibility of capital income shifting and foreign goods purchases (untaxed in the destination country). We conclude that if fiscal policy is by no means unfettered the equilibrium can be allocation efficient, provided that the marginal rate of substitution between private and public goods is one. The changes in public debt affect tax rates in equilibrium differently: positively for the consumption tax rate and negatively for the labor tax rate. The change of the capital tax depends on the level of economic internalization. This approach is especially useful during a solvency crisis and can be applied to predict tax rates’ adjustment when the bonds issuance decreases or public debt accelerates.

Autorki poruszają tematykę najnowszych zmian w prawie w zakresie zarządzania i segregacji odpadów komunalnych. Temat ten analizują z punktu widzenia skutków prawno-ekonomicznych, jakie mogą one za sobą przynieść. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie polskiej gospodarki zarządzania odpadami w świetle regulacji prawnych oraz uwarunkowań gospodarczych. W artykule poruszona jest również tematyka wyzwań stojących przed samorządami lokalnymi i przedsiębiorcami, a zatem głównych interesariuszy wprowadzanych zmian. Aby zrealizować postawiony cel badawczy, Autorki wykorzystały przegląd literatury w zakresie prawa ochrony środowiska na poziomie polskim i międzynarodowym oraz wnioskowanie ekonomiczne. Przeprowadzone badanie ujawniło, że wprowadzanie zmian – zwłaszcza złożonych i niejednoznacznych – może prowadzić do pogorszenia ochrony środowiska oraz stawiać wiele wyzwań przed podmiotami niemającymi odpowiednich sił zasobowych do realizacji nałożonych wymagań. Artykuł został podzielony na pięć części. Pierwsze dwie wprowadzają czytelnika do aktualnego stanu prawnego w zakresie zarządzania odpadami i obowiązków, jakie w związku z tym spoczywają na przedsiębiorcy. Kolejna część porusza tematykę nadchodzących zmian w prawie, które mają dotknąć sposobu segregacji śmieci. Autorki wyjaśniają, na czym nadchodząca zmiana ma polegać oraz kiedy zacznie obowiązywać. Pozostałe dwie części artykułu to analiza ekonomiczna najnowszej zmiany prawa, jak i prezentacja miasta Wrocław, jako przykładu jednostki zarządzającej przejrzyście kosztami związanymi z segregacją śmieci.

To finance public expenditure a government needs to raise revenue, which mainly comes from taxes and borrowings. During a financial crisis, however, financing of budget deficit is particularly difficult because of a rise in debt servicing costs that crowd out other expenses and raise the concern for government solvency. In extreme cases, governments are constrained to tax, as borrowing opportunities are strictly limited or unavailable. Still, governments can choose from tax menu options (income and consumption taxes), given the flexibility of the tax mix. This article presents a long-term dynamic model of fiscal solvency that shows the equilibrium the revenue maximising government can obtain with reasonable tax rates when capital income can be shifted and there are constraints on the consumption tax. Specifically, the solution predicts a positive level of bonds in the long-term equilibrium and the tax rates dependent positively on the abundance of the tax bases.