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Hong Ren
School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Mega infrastructure projects (MIPs) have become increasingly important to the realization of sustainable development in China. Sustainable development is a process of dynamic balance, and coordinating the triple bottom line (the environmental, social, and economic dimensions) will enable more sustainable development of MIPs. However, previous studies have lacked consideration of coordination when applying sustainable development principles to the systematic identification of risks to MIPs. The goals of this study were to clarify the definition and dimensions of the sustainable development of MIPs and to identify the key risks of MIPs. A literature review was performed to extend the definition of sustainable development of MIPs by combining the triple bottom line with a fourth coordination dimension. A conceptual model of MIP risk identification was then proposed from an extended sustainable development perspective, 22 sustainability elements and 75 risk factors were identified, and the key risk factors were determined based on the interview responses and fuzzy set theory. The results show that economic risks have a high probability, social risks have a high loss, environmental risks have an intermediate probability and loss, and coordination risks have the greatest impact. In addition, the three most important key risk factors were found to be construction and installation cost overruns, land acquisition and resettling cost overruns, and information sharing with the public. Identifying key risk factors can provide information to help stakeholders understand the risk factors associated with MIPs and formulate reasonable risk response strategies.

ACS Style

Yuanli Li; Pengcheng Xiang; Kairui You; Jin Guo; Zhaowen Liu; Hong Ren. Identifying the Key Risk Factors of Mega Infrastructure Projects from an Extended Sustainable Development Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7515 .

AMA Style

Yuanli Li, Pengcheng Xiang, Kairui You, Jin Guo, Zhaowen Liu, Hong Ren. Identifying the Key Risk Factors of Mega Infrastructure Projects from an Extended Sustainable Development Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7515.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanli Li; Pengcheng Xiang; Kairui You; Jin Guo; Zhaowen Liu; Hong Ren. 2021. "Identifying the Key Risk Factors of Mega Infrastructure Projects from an Extended Sustainable Development Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7515.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Sustainability
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The role of urban residential buildings (URBs) in the carbon reduction goal of China is becoming increasingly important because of the rising energy consumption and carbon emission of such buildings in the region. Considering the increasing spatial interaction of the carbon emission of URBs (URBCE) in the region, this study investigates the influence of climate and economic factors on the URBCE in North and South China. First, the URBCE is calculated by using a decomposition energy balance table based on the carbon emission coefficient of electric and thermal power, thereby improving the estimation of the basic data of URBCE. Second, the influence of economic and climatic factors on the URBCE intensity in 30 provinces of China is explored by using a spatial econometric model. Results show that the URBCE intensity in China had a spatial autocorrelation from 2000 to 2016. Climatic and economic factors have great differences in the degree and direction of influencing the URBCE intensity in the country. Formulating emission reduction policies for climate or economic zones is more scientific and effective than developing national policies. Among these factors, urbanization rate, climate, and GDP per capita have a significant positive impact on the URBCE intensity in the region, whereas other factors have varying degrees of negative impact. In addition, climate, consumption level, and building area have significant spatial spillover effects on URBCE intensity, whereas other factors do not pass the significance test. Relevant conclusions should be given special attention by policymakers.

ACS Style

Qingwei Shi; Jingxin Gao; Xia Wang; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Shi Qingwei. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Carbon Emission Intensity of Urban Residential Buildings: Testing the Effect of Economics and Geographic Location in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2695 .

AMA Style

Qingwei Shi, Jingxin Gao, Xia Wang, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai, Shi Qingwei. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Carbon Emission Intensity of Urban Residential Buildings: Testing the Effect of Economics and Geographic Location in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2695.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qingwei Shi; Jingxin Gao; Xia Wang; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Shi Qingwei. 2020. "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Carbon Emission Intensity of Urban Residential Buildings: Testing the Effect of Economics and Geographic Location in China." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2695.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2019 in Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management
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Purpose As a typical resource energy-intensive industry, the scale of construction industry has been expanding rapidly owing to the large-scale urbanization and the economic booming in China, which results in a sharp increase in the energy consumption of construction industry. However, it is infeasible to mitigate the energy consumption by reducing the production activities of construction industry. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of construction industry is essential for energy saving. Construction industry has close relationships with other industries. The production activities have not only consumed a great deal of energy but they have also generated a massive energy consumption from other industries. Previous literature studied the efficiency of energy consumed directly by the construction industry. However, no research has been found focusing on the efficiency of energy consumed directly by the construction industry and indirectly by the related industries. The purpose of this paper is to put forward a total energy efficiency evaluation framework to measure the energy efficiency of construction industry in depth. Design/methodology/approach This paper employs the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and the framework of embodied energy efficiency (EEE) to establish a total energy efficiency evaluation model. Next, the comprehensive analysis of direct energy efficiency (DEE) and EEE in different provinces with various levels of urbanization and various economic levels is conducted. Findings The results show that the embodied energy intensity and its regularities differ greatly between provinces. From the comparison of DEE and EEE, the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu remain DEA-effective and Hainan is the only province in which the EEE is higher than DEE in 2002, 2007 and 2012. Besides, the DEE and EEE in the provinces with higher levels of urbanization and high economic levels are not more effective than those in the provinces with relatively lower levels of urbanization and low economic levels. Originality/value Previous literature studied the efficiency of energy consumed directly by the construction industry while ignoring the energy consumed indirectly by the related industries. Besides, no research has been found focusing on the regulation of energy efficiency in different provinces with different levels of urbanization and different economic levels. It can be concluded that the increasing levels of urbanization and higher economic levels have not brought development and benefits for improving DEE and EEE. Therefore, under the condition that the self-regulation of construction industry and market fail to facilitate the improvement of DEE and EEE in China, policymakers should develop policies and market incentive mechanism to encourage construction industry for employing new technologies to improve the energy efficiency. Since the EEE can reveal the energy efficiency in depth, the evaluation method of EEE should be...

ACS Style

Jingxin Gao; Hong Ren; Xianrui Ma; Weiguang Cai; Qingwei Shi. A total energy efficiency evaluation framework based on embodied energy for the construction industry and the spatio-temporal evolution analysis. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2019, 26, 1652 -1671.

AMA Style

Jingxin Gao, Hong Ren, Xianrui Ma, Weiguang Cai, Qingwei Shi. A total energy efficiency evaluation framework based on embodied energy for the construction industry and the spatio-temporal evolution analysis. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 2019; 26 (8):1652-1671.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingxin Gao; Hong Ren; Xianrui Ma; Weiguang Cai; Qingwei Shi. 2019. "A total energy efficiency evaluation framework based on embodied energy for the construction industry and the spatio-temporal evolution analysis." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 8: 1652-1671.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Under global warming and severe environmental problems, the Paris Agreement urges China to accelerate the pace of the low-carbon economy. Improving the energy efficiency of the construction sector may be an important way to reduce CO2 emissions. As a reasonable energy policy instrument, a carbon tax can effectively improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. In this study, a dynamic computable general equilibrium model is developed to explore the possible impacts of different carbon tax conditions on the energy consumption of the construction sector and the macroeconomy of China. Results show that the appropriate carbon tax is 60 RMB/t, which cannot only achieve the emission reduction target but also minimize the negative impact on the macroeconomy. However, the proper level of the carbon tax varies by building stage. Under the proper carbon tax level, the peak of carbon emissions could be reached in 2025. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for the government in formulating different energy policies.

ACS Style

Qingwei Shi; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Jingxin Gao. How to set the proper level of carbon tax in the context of Chinese construction sector? A CGE analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 240, 117955 .

AMA Style

Qingwei Shi, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai, Jingxin Gao. How to set the proper level of carbon tax in the context of Chinese construction sector? A CGE analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 240 ():117955.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qingwei Shi; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Jingxin Gao. 2019. "How to set the proper level of carbon tax in the context of Chinese construction sector? A CGE analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 240, no. : 117955.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2019 in Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management
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Purpose High risk is one of the most prominent characteristics of the Chinese construction industry, and it poses a significant threat to construction projects. Owing to initiatives aimed at achieving high efficiency, low carbon emissions, etc., industrialization of the construction industry has become an inevitable trend in China. However, it remains to be discussed whether industrialization of construction can reduce the risks entailed in construction projects compared with traditional construction. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Based on the theory of risk life cycle, this paper proposes a practical risk assessment technique to assess the risk life cycle, including the risk occurrence time and potential financial losses. This technique is then applied to assess the differences between the risks involved in an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) project executed via traditional and industrial production modes. Findings The results show that the total duration of risks in the industrial construction project is half of that in the traditional project. In addition, the expected financial loss entailed in the industrial construction project is 29 percent lower than that in the traditional construction project. Therefore, industrial construction has the potential to optimize risk performance. Originality/value There is no significant difference between the traditional and industrial construction models in terms of probability of risk. The maximum total loss might occur in the procurement stage in the case of industrial production, and in the construction stage in the case of traditional production. Moreover, the total expected loss from risk in the EPC project in the industrial production mode is only half of that in the traditional production route. This study is expected to provide a new risk evaluation technique and promote an understanding of the life cycle of risk management in the construction industry.

ACS Style

Jingxin Gao; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai. Risk assessment of construction projects in China under traditional and industrial production modes. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2019, 26, 2147 -2168.

AMA Style

Jingxin Gao, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai. Risk assessment of construction projects in China under traditional and industrial production modes. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 2019; 26 (9):2147-2168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingxin Gao; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai. 2019. "Risk assessment of construction projects in China under traditional and industrial production modes." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 9: 2147-2168.

Review
Published: 24 April 2019 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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To promote sustainable urban development and green industrial process are critical solutions for sustainable and low-carbon society transition in China, considering the significant environmental impacts derived from the industrialization and surging urbanization. Under this background, China adopts top-down programs on smart cities and smart industrial parks to forward the above efforts. While practices and lessons from these programs will be valuable to enlighten other regions and practitioners, to date, rather few studies have paid attentions to this issue. Particularly, the emerging smart technologies strongly support the practice, via offering smart solutions like better renewable energy projection, low-carbon life styles transformation, as well as energy planning and management. However, there has been a lack of discussing their future role in-depth. With this circumstance, this paper conducts an integrated and in-depth review on China's promotion on smart cities and smart industrial parks. In detail, the national pilots, key technical innovations, incentives and policies framework, as well as spatial features were discussed in-depth. Particularly, we further explored how the smart solutions can contribute to better decision making on low-carbon urban and industrial system planning. Finally, we highlighted policy recommendations targeting on future smart cities and industrial parks promotion, focusing on the perspectives of technological and social system innovations, innovative decision support tools, and smart management framework. Our results expect to offer critical enlightenments for policy makers to address future concerns on smart cities and industrial parks promotion and management.

ACS Style

Yuanping Wang; Hong Ren; Liang Dong; Hung-Suck Park; Yuepeng Zhang; Yanwei Xu. Smart solutions shape for sustainable low-carbon future: A review on smart cities and industrial parks in China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2019, 144, 103 -117.

AMA Style

Yuanping Wang, Hong Ren, Liang Dong, Hung-Suck Park, Yuepeng Zhang, Yanwei Xu. Smart solutions shape for sustainable low-carbon future: A review on smart cities and industrial parks in China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2019; 144 ():103-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanping Wang; Hong Ren; Liang Dong; Hung-Suck Park; Yuepeng Zhang; Yanwei Xu. 2019. "Smart solutions shape for sustainable low-carbon future: A review on smart cities and industrial parks in China." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 144, no. : 103-117.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2019 in Sustainability
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The construction industry has been developing in recent years, facilitating economic development in China. However, the industry’s development has been confronted by a series of challenges. Exploring the characteristics of the influences of power and the association structure and their level of correlation in the construction industry is important to improve the understanding of the status and development of laws, to optimize industrial structure, and to improve the efficiency of the construction industry—factors that are fundamental to the realization of an optimized, upgraded construction industry. Therefore, the total consumption coefficient and the total distribution coefficient were calculated to reveal the influencing power of the construction industry. Based on the total consumption coefficient and the total distribution coefficient, the driven coefficient and driving coefficient are used to reflect the general effect on the entire industry network. The driven and driving networks were constructed using the total consumption coefficient and the total distribution coefficient to reveal the critical positions of the networks. The results show that the construction industry has significant driven and driving effects on other industries, which facilitate the improvement of the entire economic industry. However, an obvious gap exists between the driven ability and the driving ability as measured by the complex network. The point degree, betweenness degree, and subgroup cohesive characteristics show that the effect of the driven ability is much greater than that of the driving ability for the construction industry in 30 provinces. The findings provide information for policymaking related to the sustainable development of the construction industry in China.

ACS Style

Jingxin Gao; Xilai Tang; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai. Evolution of the Construction Industry in China from the Perspectives of the Driving and Driven Ability. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1772 .

AMA Style

Jingxin Gao, Xilai Tang, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai. Evolution of the Construction Industry in China from the Perspectives of the Driving and Driven Ability. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingxin Gao; Xilai Tang; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai. 2019. "Evolution of the Construction Industry in China from the Perspectives of the Driving and Driven Ability." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1772.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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This study investigates the characteristics of the cost performance of megatransport infrastructure projects in Hong Kong and performs dependence analysis of cost overruns. It is based on 57 samples of road, rail, bridge, and tunnel projects over the period of 1985–2015 and pursues the following two objectives: (1) it measures the characteristics of cost overruns in Hong Kong megatransport infrastructure projects using case data and statistical analysis method; and (2) it examines three independent explanatory variables (i.e., project type, size of the project, and length of the project implementation period) and their statistical relationship with cost overruns to determine whether there exist differences between Hong Kong infrastructure projects and the worldwide findings. The results indicate that, in Hong Kong, projects on average have a cost escalation of 39.18% and the average cost overrun is 34.83% for rail, 32.52% for road projects, and 37.48% for fixed-link (i.e., bridges and tunnels) projects. The year of the decision to build has no effect on cost escalation. The major findings concerning the dependence of cost escalations are as follows. In terms of project type, rail projects are most prone to cost increase, followed by fixed-links, whereas road projects are the least vulnerable to cost escalations. Cost overruns have no significant relationship with project size, but for road projects, smaller scale projects tend to be more prone to larger cost overruns. The cost overruns strongly depend on the length of the implementation phase; cost escalations increase 1.35% with each additional year of preconstruction period. This indicates that the preconstruction phase length can be viewed as a better indicator of cost escalations compared to the construction length. This can be an essential contribution to the existing literature on cost overruns as the stage in which the infrastructures are most prone to cost escalations is considerably narrowed down. The practical implications of this study are that decision makers should focus on this period and pay more attention to delays and longer preconstruction phases if they want to determine the causes and solutions of cost overruns.

ACS Style

Tengfei Huo; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Geoffrey Qiping Shen; Bingsheng Liu; Minglei Zhu; Hengqin Wu. Measurement and Dependence Analysis of Cost Overruns in Megatransport Infrastructure Projects: Case Study in Hong Kong. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 2018, 144, 05018001 .

AMA Style

Tengfei Huo, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai, Geoffrey Qiping Shen, Bingsheng Liu, Minglei Zhu, Hengqin Wu. Measurement and Dependence Analysis of Cost Overruns in Megatransport Infrastructure Projects: Case Study in Hong Kong. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2018; 144 (3):05018001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tengfei Huo; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Geoffrey Qiping Shen; Bingsheng Liu; Minglei Zhu; Hengqin Wu. 2018. "Measurement and Dependence Analysis of Cost Overruns in Megatransport Infrastructure Projects: Case Study in Hong Kong." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 144, no. 3: 05018001.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2017 in Sustainability
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Productive building energy efficiency (BEE) work is an approved factor in the progress of sustainable urbanization in China, with the assessment of carbon emission reduction in China’s public buildings (CERCPB) being an essential element of this endeavor. Nevertheless, such evaluation has been hampered by inadequate and inefficient approaches; this is the first study to utilize the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Type I (LMDI-I) to decompose the equation of China’s public building carbon emissions (CPBCE) with the connected driving factors (population in China, floor areas of China’s existing public buildings, building service level index of China’s existing public buildings, and the comparable CPBCE intensity), and this equation was established by the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The LMDI and STIRPAT approaches subsequently assessed the CERCPB values from 2001 to 2015. The results indicated that: (1) Only the contribution of the comparable CPBCE intensity to CPBCE was negative during 2001–2015; this represents the CERCPB value for the period. (2) The assessment results indicated that CERCPB has accumulated considerably with the swift progress of BEE work in China in 2001–2015. The CERCPB values in 2001–2005, 2006–2010, and 2011–2015 were 69.29, 158.53, and 277.86 million tons of carbon dioxide, respectively. (3) This study demonstrated that the positive effect of implementing public BEE work in China had led to significant results in 2001–2015, which can be regarded as a prerequisite for producing the considerable accumulation of CERCPB over this period. Overall, this study illustrated the feasibility of employing the LMDI and STIRPAT approaches for assessing the CERCPB value. Accordingly, we believe the results of this study are a significant driving force in the next phase of the development of the carbon emission control strategy of public buildings and sustainable urbanization in China.

ACS Style

Minda Ma; Liyin Shen; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Zhili Ma. How to Measure Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Public Building Sector: Retrospective Decomposition Analysis Based on STIRPAT Model in 2000–2015. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1744 .

AMA Style

Minda Ma, Liyin Shen, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai, Zhili Ma. How to Measure Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Public Building Sector: Retrospective Decomposition Analysis Based on STIRPAT Model in 2000–2015. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minda Ma; Liyin Shen; Hong Ren; Weiguang Cai; Zhili Ma. 2017. "How to Measure Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Public Building Sector: Retrospective Decomposition Analysis Based on STIRPAT Model in 2000–2015." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1744.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2013 in Optik
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ACS Style

Yuan Chen; Hong Ren; Tingting Tang. Optical-waveguide-based temperature sensor applied in intelligent buildings. Optik 2013, 124, 5628 -5630.

AMA Style

Yuan Chen, Hong Ren, Tingting Tang. Optical-waveguide-based temperature sensor applied in intelligent buildings. Optik. 2013; 124 (22):5628-5630.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Chen; Hong Ren; Tingting Tang. 2013. "Optical-waveguide-based temperature sensor applied in intelligent buildings." Optik 124, no. 22: 5628-5630.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2013 in International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications
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ACS Style

Liu Jianbing -; Du Junshu -; Ren Hong -. Project Scheduling Optimization of Critical Chain Management Based on Fuzzy Theory. International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 2013, 7, 346 -353.

AMA Style

Liu Jianbing -, Du Junshu -, Ren Hong -. Project Scheduling Optimization of Critical Chain Management Based on Fuzzy Theory. International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications. 2013; 7 (7):346-353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu Jianbing -; Du Junshu -; Ren Hong -. 2013. "Project Scheduling Optimization of Critical Chain Management Based on Fuzzy Theory." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 7, no. 7: 346-353.

Erratum
Published: 04 September 2009 in Energy Policy
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ACS Style

W.G. Cai; Y. Wu; Y. Zhong; H. Ren. Corrigendum to “China building energy consumption: Situation, challenges and corresponding measures” [Energy Policy 37(6) (2009) 2054–2059]. Energy Policy 2009, 38, 688 .

AMA Style

W.G. Cai, Y. Wu, Y. Zhong, H. Ren. Corrigendum to “China building energy consumption: Situation, challenges and corresponding measures” [Energy Policy 37(6) (2009) 2054–2059]. Energy Policy. 2009; 38 (1):688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W.G. Cai; Y. Wu; Y. Zhong; H. Ren. 2009. "Corrigendum to “China building energy consumption: Situation, challenges and corresponding measures” [Energy Policy 37(6) (2009) 2054–2059]." Energy Policy 38, no. 1: 688.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2009 in Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing
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The gray fuzzy predictive model of project costs is built based on the gray fuzzy predictive theory, which can be used to estimate the budget costs work scheduled of the unfinished project in construction phase, and then the budget costs work scheduled can be optimized and adjusted. Besides the buffer management mechanism of the project in construction stage is designed, which is applied to be a timely dynamics warning of project costs control. The gray fuzzy predictive model is combined with the buffer management mechanism of project costs control, which can be used to early dynamic warn and control in the whole construction process, project costs are ensured to be effectively controlled from the project beginning to the end of the project. Finally, the whole control objectives of project costs can be achieved. The gray fuzzy predictive model of project costs and the buffer management mechanism of project costs in construction stage can provide a new kind of way to estimate the budget costs work scheduled of unfinished project of the construction stage, which can provide an important guiding significance of cost management practice for construction enterprises.

ACS Style

Jian-Bing Liu; Hong Ren; Zhi-Ming Li. Model on Dynamic Control of Project Costs Based on GM(1,1)for Construction Enterprises. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing 2009, 62, 1611 -1620.

AMA Style

Jian-Bing Liu, Hong Ren, Zhi-Ming Li. Model on Dynamic Control of Project Costs Based on GM(1,1)for Construction Enterprises. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing. 2009; 62 ():1611-1620.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian-Bing Liu; Hong Ren; Zhi-Ming Li. 2009. "Model on Dynamic Control of Project Costs Based on GM(1,1)for Construction Enterprises." Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing 62, no. : 1611-1620.