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Sexual dimorphism and specific patterns of development contribute in a great manner to the direction and degree of the sexual differences in body size and shape in many insects. Using a landmark-based geometric morpohometrics approach, we investigated sex-specific morphological size and shape variation in the seed beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus. We also tested the functional hypothesis of the two morphological modules—thorax and abdomen in both sexes. Female-biased sexual dimorphism in size was shown, while differences in shape were reflected in the wider thorax and abdomen and shorter abdomen in females in comparison to males. The functional hypothesis of a two-module body was confirmed only in females before correction for size, and in both sexes after the allometry correction. Our results indicate that reproductive function has the central role in forming the patterns of modularity. We hypothesize that high morphological integration of the abdomen in females results from intense stabilizing selection, while the more relaxed integration in males is driven by the higher intensity of sexual selection.
Sanja Budečević; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Lea Vlajnić; Biljana Stojković. Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach. Insects 2021, 12, 350 .
AMA StyleSanja Budečević, Uroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Lea Vlajnić, Biljana Stojković. Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach. Insects. 2021; 12 (4):350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanja Budečević; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Lea Vlajnić; Biljana Stojković. 2021. "Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach." Insects 12, no. 4: 350.
Effective pest management strategies for a targeted pest species must rely on accurate, reliable and reproducible estimates of population dynamics. Importance of such approaches is even more conspicuous when assessing pest's potential to utilize other stored products. Using an experimental evolution approach, we have focused our attention on a common bean pest, the seed beetle (Acanthoscelides obtectus). We looked into the potential to invade and sustain population growth on two suboptimal host plants (chickpeas and mung beans). Such an approach simulates steps of the host-shift process in storages. By analyzing population dynamics during initial encountering with a new host plant, we detected a population drop for both novel hosts. However, transgenerational development in a novel environment resulted in a constant population growth in chickpeas, but not in mung bean populations. Reversal of chickpea selected populations to original host plant has led to a severe decrease in population parameters due to low viability of immatures, while the opposite trend was detected in mung bean populations. This paper highlights the importance of good practice in estimating population dynamics for economically important species. With special emphasis on storage pest species, we discuss how this approach can be useful for estimating invading potential of pest insects.
Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Biljana Stojković. Potential for Acanthoscelides obtectus to Adapt to New Hosts Seen in Laboratory Selection Experiments. Insects 2019, 10, 153 .
AMA StyleUroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Biljana Stojković. Potential for Acanthoscelides obtectus to Adapt to New Hosts Seen in Laboratory Selection Experiments. Insects. 2019; 10 (6):153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Biljana Stojković. 2019. "Potential for Acanthoscelides obtectus to Adapt to New Hosts Seen in Laboratory Selection Experiments." Insects 10, no. 6: 153.
Whether sexual selection generally promotes or impedes population persistence remains an open question. Intralocus sexual conflict (IaSC) can render sexual selection in males detrimental to the population by increasing the frequency of alleles with positive effects on male reproductive success but negative effects on female fecundity. Recent modelling based on fitness landscape theory, however, indicates that the relative impact of IaSC may be reduced in maladapted populations and that sexual selection therefore might promote adaptation when it is most needed. Here, we test this prediction using bean beetles that had undergone 80 generations of experimental evolution on two alternative host plants. We isolated and assessed the effect of maladaptation on sex-specific strengths of selection and IaSC by cross-rearing the two experimental evolution regimes on the alternative hosts and estimating within-population genetic (co)variance for fitness in males and females. Two key predictions were upheld: males generally experienced stronger selection compared to females and maladaptation increased selection in females. However, maladaptation consistently decreased male-bias in the strength of selection and IaSC was not reduced in maladapted populations. These findings imply that sexual selection can be disrupted in stressful environmental conditions, thus reducing one of the potential benefits of sexual reproduction in maladapted populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Ivain Martinossi-Allibert; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Göran Arnqvist; Biljana Stojković; David Berger. The consequences of sexual selection in well-adapted and maladapted populations of bean beetles†. Evolution 2018, 72, 518 -530.
AMA StyleIvain Martinossi-Allibert, Uroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Göran Arnqvist, Biljana Stojković, David Berger. The consequences of sexual selection in well-adapted and maladapted populations of bean beetles†. Evolution. 2018; 72 (3):518-530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvain Martinossi-Allibert; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Göran Arnqvist; Biljana Stojković; David Berger. 2018. "The consequences of sexual selection in well-adapted and maladapted populations of bean beetles†." Evolution 72, no. 3: 518-530.
The gypsy moth is a generalist insect pest with an extremely wide host range. Adaptive responses of digestive enzymes are important for the successful utilization of plant hosts that differ in the contents and ratios of constituent nutrients and allelochemicals. In the present study, we examined the responses of α-amylase, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase to two tree hosts (suitable oak, Quercus cerris, and unsuitable locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia) in the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars of gypsy moth larvae originating from oak and locust tree forest populations (hereafter assigned as Quercus and Robinia populations, respectively). Gypsy moths from the Robinia forest had been adapting to this unsuitable host for more than 40 generations. To test for population-level host plant specialization, we applied a two-population × two-host experimental design. We compared the levels, developmental patterns, and plasticities of the activities of enzymes. The locust tree diet increased enzyme activity in the fourth instar and reduced activity in advanced instars of the Quercus larvae in comparison to the oak diet. These larvae also exhibited opposite developmental trajectories on the two hosts, i.e. activity increased on the oak diet and decreased on the locust tree diet with the progress of instar. Larvae of the Robinia population were characterized by reduced plasticity of enzyme activity and its developmental trajectories. In addition, elevated trypsin activity in response to an unsuitable host was observed in all instar larvae of the Robinia population, which demonstrated that Robinia larvae had an improved digestive performance than did Quercus larvae.
Jelica Lazarević; Milena Janković-Tomanić; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Slobodan Milanović; Biljana Stojković. Host-associated divergence in the activity of digestive enzymes in two populations of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Entomological Science 2017, 20, 189 -194.
AMA StyleJelica Lazarević, Milena Janković-Tomanić, Uroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Slobodan Milanović, Biljana Stojković. Host-associated divergence in the activity of digestive enzymes in two populations of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Entomological Science. 2017; 20 (1):189-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJelica Lazarević; Milena Janković-Tomanić; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Slobodan Milanović; Biljana Stojković. 2017. "Host-associated divergence in the activity of digestive enzymes in two populations of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)." Entomological Science 20, no. 1: 189-194.
The role of mitochondrial DNA for the evolution of life history traits remains debated. We examined mitonuclear effects on the activity of the multi-subunit complex of the electron transport chain (ETC) involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) across lines of the seed beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus, selected for a short (E) or a long (L) life for more than >160 generations. We constructed and phenotyped mitonuclear introgression lines, which allowed us to assess the independent effects of the evolutionary history of the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome was responsible for the largest share of divergence seen in ageing. However, the mitochondrial genome also had sizeable effects, which were sex-specific and expressed primarily as epistatic interactions with the nuclear genome. The effects of mitonuclear disruption were largely consistent with mitonuclear coadaptation. Variation in ETC activity explained a large proportion of variance in ageing and life history traits and this multivariate relationship differed somewhat between the sexes. In conclusion, mitonuclear epistasis has played an important role in the laboratory evolution of ETC complex activity, ageing and life histories and these are closely associated. The mitonuclear architecture of evolved differences in life history traits and mitochondrial bioenergetics was sex-specific. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Mirko Đorđević; Biljana Stojković; Uroš Savković; Elina Immonen; Nikola Tucić; Jelica Lazarević; Göran Arnqvist. Sex-specific mitonuclear epistasis and the evolution of mitochondrial bioenergetics, ageing, and life history in seed beetles. Evolution 2016, 71, 274 -288.
AMA StyleMirko Đorđević, Biljana Stojković, Uroš Savković, Elina Immonen, Nikola Tucić, Jelica Lazarević, Göran Arnqvist. Sex-specific mitonuclear epistasis and the evolution of mitochondrial bioenergetics, ageing, and life history in seed beetles. Evolution. 2016; 71 (2):274-288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirko Đorđević; Biljana Stojković; Uroš Savković; Elina Immonen; Nikola Tucić; Jelica Lazarević; Göran Arnqvist. 2016. "Sex-specific mitonuclear epistasis and the evolution of mitochondrial bioenergetics, ageing, and life history in seed beetles." Evolution 71, no. 2: 274-288.
Mitochondria play a key role in ageing. The pursuit of genes that regulate variation in life span and ageing have shown that several nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are important. However, the role of mitochondrial encoded genes (mtDNA) is more controversial and our appreciation of the role of mtDNA for the evolution of life span is limited. We use replicated lines of seed beetles that have been artificially selected for long or short life for >190 generations, now showing dramatic phenotypic differences, to test for a possible role of mtDNA in the divergent evolution of ageing and life span. We show that these divergent selection regimes led to the evolution of significantly different mtDNA haplotype frequencies. Selection for a long life and late reproduction generated positive selection for one specific haplotype, which was fixed in most such lines. In contrast, selection for reproduction early in life led to both positive selection as well as negative frequency-dependent selection on two different haplotypes, which were both present in all such lines. Our findings suggest that the evolution of life span was in part mediated by mtDNA, providing support for the emerging general tenet that adaptive evolution of life-history syndromes may involve mtDNA.
Biljana Stojković; Ahmed Sayadi; Mirko Đorđević; Jelena Jović; Uroš Savković; Göran Arnqvist. Divergent evolution of life span associated with mitochondrial DNA evolution. Evolution 2016, 71, 160 -166.
AMA StyleBiljana Stojković, Ahmed Sayadi, Mirko Đorđević, Jelena Jović, Uroš Savković, Göran Arnqvist. Divergent evolution of life span associated with mitochondrial DNA evolution. Evolution. 2016; 71 (1):160-166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiljana Stojković; Ahmed Sayadi; Mirko Đorđević; Jelena Jović; Uroš Savković; Göran Arnqvist. 2016. "Divergent evolution of life span associated with mitochondrial DNA evolution." Evolution 71, no. 1: 160-166.
Expansion of the host range in phytophagous insects depends on their ability to form an association with a novel plant through changes in host-related traits. Phenotypic plasticity has important effects on initial survival of individuals faced with a new plant, as well as on the courses of evolutionary change during long-term adaptation to novel conditions. Using experimental populations of the seed beetle that evolved on ancestral (common bean) or novel (chickpea) host and applying reciprocal transplant at both larval and adult stage on the alternative host plant, we studied the relationship between the initial (plastic) phases of host-shift and the subsequent stages of evolutionary divergence in life-history strategies between populations exposed to the host-shift process. After 48 generations, populations became well adapted to chickpea by evolving the life-history strategy with prolonged larval development, increased body mass, earlier reproduction, shorter life span and decreased plasticity of all traits compared with ancestral conditions. In chickpea-adapted beetles, negative fitness consequences of low plasticity of preadult development (revealed as severe decrease in egg-to-adult viability on beans) exhibited mismatch with positive effects of low plasticity (i.e. low host sensitivity) in oviposition and fecundity. In contrast, beetles adapted to the ancestral host showed high plasticity of developmental process, which enabled high larval survival on chickpea, whereas elevated plasticity in adult behaviour (i.e. high host sensitivity) resulted in delayed reproduction and decreased fecundity on chickpea. The analysis of population growth parameters revealed significant fluctuation during successive phases of the host-shift process in A. obtectus. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Darka Šešlija Jovanović; Jelica Lazarević; Nikola Tucić; Biljana Stojković. Experimentally induced host-shift changes life-history strategy in a seed beetle. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2016, 29, 837 -847.
AMA StyleUroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Darka Šešlija Jovanović, Jelica Lazarević, Nikola Tucić, Biljana Stojković. Experimentally induced host-shift changes life-history strategy in a seed beetle. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2016; 29 (4):837-847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Darka Šešlija Jovanović; Jelica Lazarević; Nikola Tucić; Biljana Stojković. 2016. "Experimentally induced host-shift changes life-history strategy in a seed beetle." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29, no. 4: 837-847.
Products and regulatory motifs of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes interact closely to enable efficient cellular energy production within mitochondria. Although recent evidences support the prediction that during evolutionary time combinations of these interactions are optimized by selection acting on important life history traits, relatively few studies have directly tested it. The goal of this study was to test the role of mitonuclear interactions in shaping preadult and adult life history traits under age-specific selection in the seed beetle (Acanthoscelides obtectus). In order to disentangle the effects of mitochondria, nuclei and their interaction in the evolutionary response to the long-term laboratory selection for early (E) and late (L) reproduction, we used mitonuclear introgression lines in which E and L mitochondrial genomes were expressed in both E and L nuclear background. We found that mitonuclear genotypes carrying disrupted pair of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes mainly affected preadult life history traits—egg-to-adult viability and developmental time. Neither mitochondria nor their interaction with nuclear genomes had effects on realized fecundity of mated females and longevity of virgin beetles. However, when involved in reproductive activities females and males with disrupted genotypes mostly exhibited reduced longevity. Furthermore, since reproduced males exhibited greater longevity cost than females, our results are in accordance with the mother’s curse hypothesis. Being that for the most life history traits we detected smaller additive mitochondrial genetic effects compared with epistatic mitonuclear effects, we concluded that mitonuclear interactions might be the target of age-specific selection.
Mirko Đorđević; Uroš Savković; Jelica Lazarević; Nikola Tucić; Biljana Stojković. Intergenomic Interactions in Hybrids Between Short-Lived and Long-Lived Lines of a Seed Beetle: Analyses of Life History Traits. Evolutionary Biology 2015, 42, 461 -472.
AMA StyleMirko Đorđević, Uroš Savković, Jelica Lazarević, Nikola Tucić, Biljana Stojković. Intergenomic Interactions in Hybrids Between Short-Lived and Long-Lived Lines of a Seed Beetle: Analyses of Life History Traits. Evolutionary Biology. 2015; 42 (4):461-472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirko Đorđević; Uroš Savković; Jelica Lazarević; Nikola Tucić; Biljana Stojković. 2015. "Intergenomic Interactions in Hybrids Between Short-Lived and Long-Lived Lines of a Seed Beetle: Analyses of Life History Traits." Evolutionary Biology 42, no. 4: 461-472.
Milena Jankovic-Tomanic; Darka Šešlija Jovanović; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Biljana Stojković; Jelica Lazarević. Host expansion modifies activity of phosphatases in a legume store pest Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products Research 2015, 62, 32 -35.
AMA StyleMilena Jankovic-Tomanic, Darka Šešlija Jovanović, Uroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Biljana Stojković, Jelica Lazarević. Host expansion modifies activity of phosphatases in a legume store pest Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2015; 62 ():32-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilena Jankovic-Tomanic; Darka Šešlija Jovanović; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Biljana Stojković; Jelica Lazarević. 2015. "Host expansion modifies activity of phosphatases in a legume store pest Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)." Journal of Stored Products Research 62, no. : 32-35.
Mitochondria are suggested to play a central role in ageing and evolution of longevity. Gradual decline in mitochondrial function during ageing and concomitant increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative damage of macromolecules and impairment of ATP synthesis. To assess relationship between ageing and oxidative stress resistance we exposed different longevity lines of the seed beetle (Acanthoscelides obtectus) to four concentrations of tebufenpyrad, mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. Complex I is one of main sites of ROS production during normal respiration and its inhibition elevates oxidative stress. Our results showed that 24 h of exposure to tebufenpyrad decreased survival and post-stress longevity due to increased baseline mortality. Higher resistance was recorded in beetles from lines selected for late reproduction and extended longevity (L) than in early reproducing beetles (E). Also, females were more resistant than males. Since complex I is under dual genetic control, our second aim was to disentangle relative contribution of nuclear and mitochondrial genes to the variation in longevity. We used crossed combinations of distinct mitochondrial and nuclear genotypes (E × L, L × E) and compared them to control hybrids where mitochondrial genome was "transplanted" onto the original background (E × E, L × L). Our study revealed significant effect of nucleus, i.e. higher survival and post-stress longevity in beetles harbouring L nucleus. Mitochondrion effect was significant only within L nuclear background where E mitochondrion gave advantage.
Darka Šešlija Jovanović; Mirko Đorđević; Uroš Savković; Jelica Lazarević. The effect of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor on longevity of short-lived and long-lived seed beetles and its mitonuclear hybrids. Biogerontology 2014, 15, 487 -501.
AMA StyleDarka Šešlija Jovanović, Mirko Đorđević, Uroš Savković, Jelica Lazarević. The effect of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor on longevity of short-lived and long-lived seed beetles and its mitonuclear hybrids. Biogerontology. 2014; 15 (5):487-501.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDarka Šešlija Jovanović; Mirko Đorđević; Uroš Savković; Jelica Lazarević. 2014. "The effect of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor on longevity of short-lived and long-lived seed beetles and its mitonuclear hybrids." Biogerontology 15, no. 5: 487-501.
We tested mutation accumulation hypothesis for the evolution of senescence using short‐lived and long‐lived populations of the seed‐feeding beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), obtained by selection on early‐ and late‐life for many generations. The expected consequence of the mutation accumulation hypothesis is that in short‐lived populations, where the force of natural selection is the strongest early in life, the late‐life fitness traits should decline due to genetic drift which increases the frequency of mutations with deleterious effects in later adult stages. Since it is unlikely that identical deleterious mutations will increase in several independent populations, hybrid vigor for late‐life fitness is expected in offspring obtained in crosses among populations selected for early‐life fitness traits. We tested longevity of both sexes, female fecundity and male reproductive behavior for hybrid vigor by comparing hybrid and nonhybrid short‐lived populations. Hybrid vigor was confirmed for male virility, mating speed and copulation duration, and longevity of both sexes at late ages. In contrast to males, the results on female fecundity in short‐lived populations did not support mutation accumulation as a genetic mechanism for the evolution of this trait. Contrary to the prediction of this hypothesis, male mating ability indices and female fecundity in long‐lived populations exhibited hybrid vigor at all assayed age classes. We demonstrate that nonhybrid long‐lived populations diverged randomly regarding female and male reproductive fitness, indicating that sexually antagonistic selection, when accompanied with genetic drift for female fecundity and male virility, might be responsible for overriding natural selection in the independently evolving long‐lived populations.
Biljana Stojković; Mirko Đorđević; Jelena Jankovic; Uroš Savković; Nikola Tucić. Heterosis in age-specific selected populations of a seed beetle: Sex differences in longevity and reproductive behavior. Insect Science 2014, 22, 295 -309.
AMA StyleBiljana Stojković, Mirko Đorđević, Jelena Jankovic, Uroš Savković, Nikola Tucić. Heterosis in age-specific selected populations of a seed beetle: Sex differences in longevity and reproductive behavior. Insect Science. 2014; 22 (2):295-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiljana Stojković; Mirko Đorđević; Jelena Jankovic; Uroš Savković; Nikola Tucić. 2014. "Heterosis in age-specific selected populations of a seed beetle: Sex differences in longevity and reproductive behavior." Insect Science 22, no. 2: 295-309.
Mating behavior is based on communication among mates and includes both sexual signaling and mating preferences. In phytophagous insects, shift to a novel host will expose associated traits to novel selection regimes and eventually cause assortative mating and sexual isolation between populations inhabiting diverse host plants. We investigated the relationship between short- and long-term changes in mating systems on Acanthoscelides obtectus. Mating preferences were evaluated using measures of copulation frequency in mating trials within and among populations and by measuring time spent in sexual interactions prior to copulation. Sexual signaling was previously analyzed by chemical detection of contact pheromones (i.e., cuticular hydrocarbons [CHCs]), and these results were used in this study. Laboratory populations evolved for 50 generations either on the optimal host (common bean) or on the suboptimal host (chickpea). To determine short-term effects, subsets of individuals from each population were exposed to the alternative host for 1 generation. We revealed higher level of indiscriminate mating in populations, which evolved on the suboptimal host. Males from these populations spent less time in assessing mates although they had the ability to discriminate between signals. Short-term larval experience on the suboptimal host also decreased selectivity of mates. The results imply that plastically induced reduction in mate discrimination, after a shift to suboptimal host, may have been canalized through long-term genetic changes underlying behavioral development. Significant reproductive isolation between the 2 sets of populations was revealed regardless of the short-term host treatment.
Biljana Stojković; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Nikola Tucić. Host-shift effects on mating behavior and incipient pre-mating isolation in seed beetle. Behavioral Ecology 2014, 25, 553 -564.
AMA StyleBiljana Stojković, Uroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Nikola Tucić. Host-shift effects on mating behavior and incipient pre-mating isolation in seed beetle. Behavioral Ecology. 2014; 25 (3):553-564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiljana Stojković; Uroš Savković; Mirko Đorđević; Nikola Tucić. 2014. "Host-shift effects on mating behavior and incipient pre-mating isolation in seed beetle." Behavioral Ecology 25, no. 3: 553-564.
Uroš Savković; Ivan Vuckovic; Biljana Stojković. The growth on different stored legume species affects the profiles of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products Research 2012, 50, 66 -72.
AMA StyleUroš Savković, Ivan Vuckovic, Biljana Stojković. The growth on different stored legume species affects the profiles of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2012; 50 ():66-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUroš Savković; Ivan Vuckovic; Biljana Stojković. 2012. "The growth on different stored legume species affects the profiles of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)." Journal of Stored Products Research 50, no. : 66-72.
In most animals the average longevity of females is greater than that of males. Among the many explanations of the evolution of sex-specific mortality rates, we tested the hypothesis that sexual selection plays an important role in shaping the longevity and ageing of both sexes. The present study was performed using laboratory populations of Acanthoscelides obtectus, which were obtained either at an early (E) or late (L) age, where the inadvertently created conditions provided opportunities for the evolution of a monogamous and polygamous mating system, respectively. As predicted, under intense sexual selection (L populations) substantial sex differences in longevity were detected both in mated and virgin experimental beetles. On the other hand, monogamy, i.e. relaxation of sexual selection, in E populations resulted in elimination of the differences in longevity between mated females and males, and even led to postponed senescence of virgin males beyond the level exhibited by virgin females.
Biljana Stojkovic; Uroš Savković. Gender differences in longevity in early and late reproduced lines of the seed beetle. Archives of Biological Sciences 2011, 63, 129 -136.
AMA StyleBiljana Stojkovic, Uroš Savković. Gender differences in longevity in early and late reproduced lines of the seed beetle. Archives of Biological Sciences. 2011; 63 (1):129-136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiljana Stojkovic; Uroš Savković. 2011. "Gender differences in longevity in early and late reproduced lines of the seed beetle." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 1: 129-136.