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Philippe V. Baret
Université de Louvain, ELIA, Sytra, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

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Review
Published: 26 April 2021 in Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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Despite the increasingly widespread use of the term agroecology by farmers, scientists, agrarian social movements, and lawmakers, the definition of the concept is still the object of controversies. Current interpretations range widely, from fully transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary definitions integrating ecological, socioeconomic, and political dimensions of agriculture, to more narrow definitions of agroecology as a discipline bridging ecology and agronomy. No less importantly, few actors have developed criteria and methodologies to identify and evaluate agroecological systems based on both ecological and socioeconomic dimensions. The lack of consistency in the study and application of “agroecology,” resulting from varying definitions for agroecology and the absence of standardized methodologies to identify agroecological systems, is problematic. It limits the recognition of associated benefits and disadvantages of different agroecological systems, as well as the identification of drivers that favor the implementation of agroecological practices. While lessons learned from individual case studies are valuable and showcase the potential of agroecology, results are not always relevant to other contexts. Here, we review existing theoretical and empirical agroecological literature. The major points that emerge are the following: (1) we integrate six historical ecological principles with seven socioeconomic principles to propose an overarching framework for recognizing systems oriented towards agroecology; (2) the implementation of different principles may vary greatly across spatial scales or governance contexts; (3) there are numerous barriers that farmers may face in their transition towards an agroecological “ideal”—this highlights the need for improved recognition of systems in transition, as well as the need for supportive policies to scale up agroecology. The application of two complementary methodological approaches presented in our review has the potential to help practitioners evaluate to what extent a system can be considered as agroecological based on ecological and socioeconomic principles.

ACS Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Ariani C. Wartenberg; Philippe V. Baret. Bridging the gap between the agroecological ideal and its implementation into practice. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2021, 41, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Antoinette M. Dumont, Ariani C. Wartenberg, Philippe V. Baret. Bridging the gap between the agroecological ideal and its implementation into practice. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2021; 41 (3):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Ariani C. Wartenberg; Philippe V. Baret. 2021. "Bridging the gap between the agroecological ideal and its implementation into practice. A review." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 41, no. 3: 1-17.

Article
Published: 19 April 2021 in Agriculture and Human Values
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In this paper we reflect on the effectiveness of cognitive mapping (CMing) as a method to study farm functioning in its complexity and its diverse forms in the framework of our own experiment with a diverse group of Flemish beef farmers. With a structured direct elicitation method we gathered 30 CMs. We analyzed the content of these maps both qualitatively and quantitatively. The central role of the concept “Income” in most maps indicated a shared concern for economic security. Further, the CMs indicated that farmers dealt with this shared social reality differently, as the relationships included in their maps referred to different functional processes relating to revenue streams, marketing strategies, investment decisions, dependence on production inputs, on-farm resource management, and personal well-being. With a clustering algorithm we grouped farmers based on the relationships in their maps, which allowed us to trace some of the broader patterns within the data, such as the existence of more business- and investment-minded farmers, in contrast to farmers focused on their quality of life, and animal production-oriented in contrast to marketing-oriented farmers. Taking into account farmers’ comments, we find that the applied methods had limited capability to classify farmers based on their perspectives on farming. Still, the system presentations proved useful to study what aspects farmers were working on or towards, and how these aspects may actually fit together as a whole. CMing was therefore mostly effective in exploring farm functioning in its complexity, and less so in exploring farm functioning in its diversity.

ACS Style

Louis Tessier; Jo Bijttebier; Fleur Marchand; Philippe V. Baret. Cognitive mapping, flemish beef farmers’ perspectives and farm functioning: a critical methodological reflection. Agriculture and Human Values 2021, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Louis Tessier, Jo Bijttebier, Fleur Marchand, Philippe V. Baret. Cognitive mapping, flemish beef farmers’ perspectives and farm functioning: a critical methodological reflection. Agriculture and Human Values. 2021; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louis Tessier; Jo Bijttebier; Fleur Marchand; Philippe V. Baret. 2021. "Cognitive mapping, flemish beef farmers’ perspectives and farm functioning: a critical methodological reflection." Agriculture and Human Values , no. : 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2020 in Agricultural Systems
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Agroecology is increasingly recognized as a valuable perspective to face the sustainability challenges of contemporary foods systems. Yet case-comparisons based on a holistic assessment of actual farmer practices have been lacking. In this paper, we seek to identify the different farming models underlying the sets of practices of Flemish beef farmers (Belgium). For this, we rely on 37 accounts of a diverse group of Flemish beef farmers. Their practices were gathered through semi-structured interviews. These practices were categorized along 36 Pathways of Action to pursue 13 agroecological principles, identified in research published earlier. To compare how and to what extent each farmer is pursuing these principles, we turned this qualitative information into sets of indicator scores. With Archetypal Analysis, we identified three farming models underlying their diverse pursuits of agroecological principles: one farming model represents seven conventional farmers who name a bare minimum of practices contributing to agroecology, and two models representing farmers that do integrate elements of agroecology. Conceptually, the second farming model, which represents nine direct selling farmers, eight of them organic, corresponds with a low-input, low-capital, but knowledge intensive model, embedded within alternative commercial and social networks, which actively seeks to become independent from regime institutions. The third farming model represents five mostly whole-selling conventional beef farmers that find advantages within the mainstream market environment. It overlaps with a number of practices related to the techno-productive dimension of agroecology with the second model, as far as these maintain or increase productivity, and are compatible with the expectations of value-chain actors. These results provide an empirical basis for concepts such as “peasant farming” and “sustainable intensification” to understand the diverging translation of agroecological principles into practice. However, the remaining half of the farmers is found in the continuum between these models, indicating that these models are combinable in practice to some extent, and that not all farmers go as far as the most emblematic instances of these models. While a more systematic assessment of the presence of means of agroecology at each studied case is still lacking, our study may well have laid the foundation for such an assessment tool. Moreover, our study already demonstrates that such assessments have the potential to empirically ground theorizations of different farming models and connect them with existing farmers' sets of practices.

ACS Style

Louis Tessier; Jo Bijttebier; Fleur Marchand; Philippe V. Baret. Identifying the farming models underlying Flemish beef farmers' practices from an agroecological perspective with archetypal analysis. Agricultural Systems 2020, 187, 103013 .

AMA Style

Louis Tessier, Jo Bijttebier, Fleur Marchand, Philippe V. Baret. Identifying the farming models underlying Flemish beef farmers' practices from an agroecological perspective with archetypal analysis. Agricultural Systems. 2020; 187 ():103013.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louis Tessier; Jo Bijttebier; Fleur Marchand; Philippe V. Baret. 2020. "Identifying the farming models underlying Flemish beef farmers' practices from an agroecological perspective with archetypal analysis." Agricultural Systems 187, no. : 103013.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Monitoring pesticide use is essential for assessing farming practices and the risks associated with the use of pesticides. Currently, there are neither consolidated, public data available on glyphosate use in Europe, nor a standardized categorization of its major uses. In this study, data on glyphosate sales and use in Europe were collected from multiple sources and compiled into a dataset of the agricultural use of glyphosate from 2013 to 2017. The survey shows that glyphosate represented 33% of the herbicide volume sold in Europe in 2017. One third of the acreage of annual cropping systems and half of the acreage of perennial tree crops received glyphosate annually. Glyphosate is widely used for at least eight agronomic purposes, including weed control, crop desiccation, terminating cover crops, terminating temporary grassland and renewing permanent grassland. Glyphosate use can be classified into occasional uses—i.e., exceptional applications, triggered by meteorological conditions or specific farm constraints—and recurrent uses, which are widespread practices that are embedded in farming systems and for which other agronomic solutions may exist but are not frequently used. This article proposes a framework for the precise monitoring of glyphosate use, based on the identification of the cropping systems in which glyphosate is used, the agronomic purposes for which it is employed, the dose used and the rationale behind the different uses.

ACS Style

Clémentine Antier; Per Kudsk; Xavier Reboud; Lena Ulber; Philippe Baret; Antoine Messéan. Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5682 .

AMA Style

Clémentine Antier, Per Kudsk, Xavier Reboud, Lena Ulber, Philippe Baret, Antoine Messéan. Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clémentine Antier; Per Kudsk; Xavier Reboud; Lena Ulber; Philippe Baret; Antoine Messéan. 2020. "Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5682.

Articles
Published: 24 April 2020 in Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
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In the face of longstanding social and technological trends, the application of agroecological insights at beef farms in Flanders may at first seem a curious proposition. We found, however, that beef farmers pursue agroecological principles through an impressive diversity of practices in this context. In 37 semi-structured interviews, we asked farmers how they put into practice a set of principles which covers many themes addressed in agroecological literature. Inspired by a grounded theory approach, but also based on literature and consultation of fellow researchers, we conceptualized for each principle distinctive pathways of action to categorize relevant practices. By documenting farmers’ practices, we show that an agronomic interpretation of agroecology as a practice obfuscates the many ways farmers can contribute to the social dimensions of agroecology too, which also problematizes those food systems approaches that undervalue the farmers’ agency in changing their social context themselves. This grounded conceptual framework may be used to further assess how each beef farmer addresses these different principles together in practice. Given these results and perspectives, we contend that empirical inquiries such as these are instrumental in maintaining the connection between agroecological theory and practice, allowing both to move dialectically forward.

ACS Style

Louis Tessier; Jo Bijttebier; Fleur Marchand; Philippe V. Baret. Pathways of action followed by Flemish beef farmers – an integrative view on agroecology as a practice. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 2020, 45, 111 -133.

AMA Style

Louis Tessier, Jo Bijttebier, Fleur Marchand, Philippe V. Baret. Pathways of action followed by Flemish beef farmers – an integrative view on agroecology as a practice. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 2020; 45 (1):111-133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louis Tessier; Jo Bijttebier; Fleur Marchand; Philippe V. Baret. 2020. "Pathways of action followed by Flemish beef farmers – an integrative view on agroecology as a practice." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 45, no. 1: 111-133.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2019 in Geoforum
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The contribution of the multi-level perspective (MLP) to study transition dynamics is widely recognized. MLP involves examining interactions between three socio-technical levels: niche, regime and landscape. Empirical analysis of niche-regime interactions when applying this framework to agricultural transitions to sustainability remains challenging, however. The diversity of historical farming systems within a region can make niches and regimes highly heterogeneous. In addition, agricultural transitions to sustainability may be driven as much by technological changes as by institutional features, including normative rules and cultural cognitive rules that are less adequately addressed by MLP. To tackle these two challenges, we combined MLP with two additional frameworks to describe transition processes: the comparative agriculture framework, drawn from agro-economic, geographic and historical analyses of agricultural crises, and the justification of practices framework, drawn from pragmatic sociology. In this paper, we apply these three frameworks to the fresh vegetable production sector in Wallonia (Belgium) and discuss visions of transition through the lens of the agroecological paradigm. This leads us to predict a situation of coexistence between two socio-technical configurations of production: an old, organic and conventional configuration reoriented toward more commercial autonomy for the producers, and a new configuration oriented toward agroecology. The study contributes to a major debate discussing the extent to which the agroecological paradigm is being co-opted by the regime or remains faithful to its original principles and opens up perspectives for public policy development in the context of increasing governmental attention to the agroecological paradigm.

ACS Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Pierre Gasselin; Philippe V. Baret. Transitions in agriculture: Three frameworks highlighting coexistence between a new agroecological configuration and an old, organic and conventional configuration of vegetable production in Wallonia (Belgium). Geoforum 2019, 108, 98 -109.

AMA Style

Antoinette M. Dumont, Pierre Gasselin, Philippe V. Baret. Transitions in agriculture: Three frameworks highlighting coexistence between a new agroecological configuration and an old, organic and conventional configuration of vegetable production in Wallonia (Belgium). Geoforum. 2019; 108 ():98-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Pierre Gasselin; Philippe V. Baret. 2019. "Transitions in agriculture: Three frameworks highlighting coexistence between a new agroecological configuration and an old, organic and conventional configuration of vegetable production in Wallonia (Belgium)." Geoforum 108, no. : 98-109.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2019 in Sustainability
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As the 2009 dairy crisis drew attention to the situation of dairy farmers in Europe, the extent of strategical power left to farmers in dairy cooperatives of increasing size is a frequently raised issue. Four dairy cooperatives collect 97% of the milk in the Walloon Region (in the southern part of Belgium). Two of them integrated agro-food multinationals. We decided to analyze the trajectories of Walloon dairy farmers exploring alternatives to the delivery of milk to these mainstream dairy cooperatives. We focused on the territories situated to the east of the Walloon Region, where dairy farming represents 75% of farming revenues. Alternatives consist either of processing milk on farm or in concluding a contract with a cheese processor collecting milk directly from farmers. Our objective was to understand the issues faced in these alternative trajectories and the reason why these alternatives remained marginal. We designed a qualitative case study based on interviews with farmers and local cheese processors. We mobilized evolutionary approaches on the stability and transitions of systems and approaches of change at the farmer level. It appears that the alternative trajectories remain embedded in a broader dairy context. The lock-ins emerging from this context determine the evolution of the farming model towards intensification and the individual identity and capabilities of farmers. We present a model of interconnected and embedded lock-ins, from the organizational frame of the regime to the individual frame. This model illustrates how the agency articulates with structural dynamics. We propose structural measures in the organization of agricultural education and in terms of support to alternative supply chains that will enhance agency in favor of a change.

ACS Style

Véronique De Herde; Kevin Maréchal; Philippe V. Baret. Lock-Ins and Agency: Towards an Embedded Approach of Individual Pathways in the Walloon Dairy Sector. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4405 .

AMA Style

Véronique De Herde, Kevin Maréchal, Philippe V. Baret. Lock-Ins and Agency: Towards an Embedded Approach of Individual Pathways in the Walloon Dairy Sector. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Véronique De Herde; Kevin Maréchal; Philippe V. Baret. 2019. "Lock-Ins and Agency: Towards an Embedded Approach of Individual Pathways in the Walloon Dairy Sector." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4405.

Article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Potato Research
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The main driver of agricultural systems of the twentieth century was yield. Awareness of the limits of the planet and the impacts of agriculture triggered the realization that new objectives have to be part of the food systems agenda. The development of new models of agriculture including environmental and sustainability dimensions implies a new view on the process of innovation and a better balance between the paradigms of innovation. Systemic lock-ins are keeping the agricultural and food systems on less relevant pathways. Acknowledgement of the relevance of alternative systems of production such as organic farming and a shift from a linear model of innovation diffusion to the building up of new partnerships of innovation are key enablers of a transition.

ACS Style

Philippe V. Baret. Acceptance of Innovation and Pathways to Transition Towards More Sustainable Food Systems. Potato Research 2017, 60, 383 -388.

AMA Style

Philippe V. Baret. Acceptance of Innovation and Pathways to Transition Towards More Sustainable Food Systems. Potato Research. 2017; 60 (3-4):383-388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philippe V. Baret. 2017. "Acceptance of Innovation and Pathways to Transition Towards More Sustainable Food Systems." Potato Research 60, no. 3-4: 383-388.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Journal of Rural Studies
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ACS Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Philippe Baret. Why working conditions are a key issue of sustainability in agriculture? A comparison between agroecological, organic and conventional vegetable systems. Journal of Rural Studies 2017, 56, 53 -64.

AMA Style

Antoinette M. Dumont, Philippe Baret. Why working conditions are a key issue of sustainability in agriculture? A comparison between agroecological, organic and conventional vegetable systems. Journal of Rural Studies. 2017; 56 ():53-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Philippe Baret. 2017. "Why working conditions are a key issue of sustainability in agriculture? A comparison between agroecological, organic and conventional vegetable systems." Journal of Rural Studies 56, no. : 53-64.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2015 in Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
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The concept of agroecology is being mobilized increasingly. However, its socio-economic dimensions receive little attention from academia. This study helps to clarify the socio-economic principles of agroecology by first identifying a list of principles in popular and scientific literature and, as a second step, by putting the principles to the test of a qualitative study of two Belgian organizations. Agribio is a grain cooperative, and Les Grosses Légumes is a network of consumers, farmers, and the members of an association set up to organize the production and distribution of vegetable boxes. Semi-directed interviews of the various actors linked to these organizations were conducted and then analyzed through an approach inspired by the convention theory in order to reveal the principles that the stakeholders have adopted. The main findings are then made explicit by analysis of four strong agreements (which concern the two organizations? marketing schemes, a Participatory Guarantee System set up by Les Grosses Légumes and Agribio?s flour mill). The two case studies show the gap that exists between the principles that describe the horizon of agroecology and the principles that are actually put into practice by the parties in the field through various transition pathways.Peer reviewe

ACS Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Gaëtan Vanloqueren; Pierre M. Stassart; Philippe Baret. Clarifying the socioeconomic dimensions of agroecology: between principles and practices. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 2015, 40, 24 -47.

AMA Style

Antoinette M. Dumont, Gaëtan Vanloqueren, Pierre M. Stassart, Philippe Baret. Clarifying the socioeconomic dimensions of agroecology: between principles and practices. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 2015; 40 (1):24-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antoinette M. Dumont; Gaëtan Vanloqueren; Pierre M. Stassart; Philippe Baret. 2015. "Clarifying the socioeconomic dimensions of agroecology: between principles and practices." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 40, no. 1: 24-47.

Perspective article
Published: 11 February 2015 in Frontiers in Genetics
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Sustainable intensification (SI) is a multifaceted concept incorporating the ambition to increase or maintain the current level of agricultural yields while reduce negative ecological and environmental impacts. Decision-support systems (DSS) that use integrated analytical methods are often used to support decision making processes in agriculture. However, DSS often consist of set of values, objectives and assumptions that may be inconsistent or in conflict with merits and objectives of SI. These potential conflicts will have consequences for adoption and up-take of agricultural research, technologies and related policies and regulations such as genetic technology in pursuit of SI. This perspective paper aimed at comparing a number of frequently used socio-economic DSS with respect to their capacity in incorporating various dimensions of SI, and discussing their application to analyzing farm animal genetic resources (FAnGR) policies. The case of FAnGR policies was chosen because of its great potential in delivering merits of SI. It was concluded that flexible DSS, with great integration capacity with various natural and social sciences, are needed to provide guidance on feasibility, practicality and policy implementation for SI.

ACS Style

Bouda Vosough Ahmadi; Dominic Moran; Andrew P. Barnes; Philippe V. Baret. Comparing decision-support systems in adopting sustainable intensification criteria. Frontiers in Genetics 2015, 6, 1 .

AMA Style

Bouda Vosough Ahmadi, Dominic Moran, Andrew P. Barnes, Philippe V. Baret. Comparing decision-support systems in adopting sustainable intensification criteria. Frontiers in Genetics. 2015; 6 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bouda Vosough Ahmadi; Dominic Moran; Andrew P. Barnes; Philippe V. Baret. 2015. "Comparing decision-support systems in adopting sustainable intensification criteria." Frontiers in Genetics 6, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Animal
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Increasing input self-sufficiency is often viewed as a target to improve sustainability of dairy farms. However, few studies have specifically analysed input self-sufficiency, by including several technical inputs and without only focussing on animal feeding, in order to explore its impact on farm sustainability. To address this gap, our work has three objectives as follows: (1) identifying the structural characteristics required by specialised dairy farms located in the grassland area to be self-sufficient; (2) analysing the relationships between input self-sufficiency, environmental and economic sustainability; and (3) studying how the farms react to a decrease in milk price according to their self-sufficiency degree. Based on farm accounting databases, we categorised 335 Walloon specialised conventional dairy farms into four classes according to their level of input self-sufficiency. To this end, we used as proxy the indicator of economic autonomy – that is, the ratio between costs of inputs related to animal production, crop production and energy use and the total gross product. Classes were then compared using multiple comparison tests and canonical discriminant analysis. A total of 30 organic farms – among which 63% had a high level of economic autonomy – were considered separately and compared with the most autonomous class. We showed that a high degree of economic autonomy is associated, in conventional farms, with a high proportion of permanent grassland in the agricultural area. The most autonomous farms used less input – especially animal feeding – for a same output level, and therefore combined good environmental and economic performances. Our results also underlined that, in a situation of decrease in milk price, the least autonomous farms had more latitude to decrease their input-related costs without decreasing milk production. Their incomes per work unit were, therefore, less impacted by falling prices, but remained lower than those of more autonomous farms. In such a situation, organic farms kept stable incomes, because of a slighter decrease in organic milk price. Our results pave the way to study the role of increasing input self-sufficiency in the transition of dairy farming systems towards sustainability. Further research is required to study a wide range of systems and agro-ecological contexts, as well as to consider the evolution of farm sustainability in the long term

ACS Style

T. Lebacq; Philippe Baret; D. Stilmant. Role of input self-sufficiency in the economic and environmental sustainability of specialised dairy farms. Animal 2015, 9, 544 -552.

AMA Style

T. Lebacq, Philippe Baret, D. Stilmant. Role of input self-sufficiency in the economic and environmental sustainability of specialised dairy farms. Animal. 2015; 9 (3):544-552.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Lebacq; Philippe Baret; D. Stilmant. 2015. "Role of input self-sufficiency in the economic and environmental sustainability of specialised dairy farms." Animal 9, no. 3: 544-552.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2014 in Ecological Modelling
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Farmers' practices are characterized not only by complexity at the farm scale, but also by diversity at the regional scale. In order to assess this diversity, a systemic approach is needed for comparing and classifying systems of practice. We developed a cognitive mapping approach (CMASOP) for comparing and clustering these systems within the social-ecological environment. In this paper, we introduce the two methods we used to implement our approach and report on the results of applying them in a study of grassland management in livestock grazing systems in Belgium. The comparison showed that systems of practice categorized according to certain descriptive factors (geographical, technical orientation) had some significant differences. The clustering of cognitive maps provided the basis for establishing a typology of the systems of practice. The comparative analysis of clusters revealed very significant differences among factors closer to the studied issue (grass forage management) than was the case with the approaches based on descriptive factors. Our study demonstrated that, in studies of the diversity of systems of practice, using a combination of statistical methods and semi-qualitative modelling can take account of the inherent complexity of these systems. © 2013 Elsevier B.V

ACS Style

Frédéric M. Vanwindekens; Philippe Baret; Didier Stilmant. A new approach for comparing and categorizing farmers’ systems of practice based on cognitive mapping and graph theory indicators. Ecological Modelling 2014, 274, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Frédéric M. Vanwindekens, Philippe Baret, Didier Stilmant. A new approach for comparing and categorizing farmers’ systems of practice based on cognitive mapping and graph theory indicators. Ecological Modelling. 2014; 274 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frédéric M. Vanwindekens; Philippe Baret; Didier Stilmant. 2014. "A new approach for comparing and categorizing farmers’ systems of practice based on cognitive mapping and graph theory indicators." Ecological Modelling 274, no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Biotechnology for Biofuels
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The industrially important yeast Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans is an asexual hemiascomycete phylogenetically very distant from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its unusual metabolic flexibility allows it to use a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources, while being thermotolerant, xerotolerant and osmotolerant.

ACS Style

Gotthard Kunze; Claude Gaillardin; Ma¿gorzata Czernicka; Pascal Durrens; Tiphaine Martin; Erik Böer; Toni Gabaldón; Jose A Cruz; Emmanuel Talla; Christian Marck; André Goffeau; Valérie Barbe; Philippe Baret; Keith Baronian; Sebastian Beier; Claudine Bleykasten; Rüdiger Bode; Serge Casaregola; Laurence Despons; Cécile Fairhead; Martin Giersberg; Przemys¿aw Piotr Gierski; Urs Hähnel; Anja Hartmann; Dagmara Jankowska; Claire Jubin; Paul Jung; Ingrid Lafontaine; Véronique Leh-Louis; Marc Lemaire; Marina Marcet-Houben; Martin Mascher; Guillaume Morel; Guy-Franck Richard; Jan Riechen; Christine Sacerdot; Anasua Sarkar; Guilhem Savel; Joseph Schacherer; David J Sherman; Nils Stein; Marie-Laure Straub; Agnès Thierry; Anke Trautwein-Schult; Benoit Vacherie; Eric Westhof; Sebastian Worch; Bernard Dujon; Jean-Luc Souciet; Patrick Wincker; Uwe Scholz; Cécile Neuvéglise. The complete genome of Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans LS3 - a yeast of biotechnological interest. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7, 66 .

AMA Style

Gotthard Kunze, Claude Gaillardin, Ma¿gorzata Czernicka, Pascal Durrens, Tiphaine Martin, Erik Böer, Toni Gabaldón, Jose A Cruz, Emmanuel Talla, Christian Marck, André Goffeau, Valérie Barbe, Philippe Baret, Keith Baronian, Sebastian Beier, Claudine Bleykasten, Rüdiger Bode, Serge Casaregola, Laurence Despons, Cécile Fairhead, Martin Giersberg, Przemys¿aw Piotr Gierski, Urs Hähnel, Anja Hartmann, Dagmara Jankowska, Claire Jubin, Paul Jung, Ingrid Lafontaine, Véronique Leh-Louis, Marc Lemaire, Marina Marcet-Houben, Martin Mascher, Guillaume Morel, Guy-Franck Richard, Jan Riechen, Christine Sacerdot, Anasua Sarkar, Guilhem Savel, Joseph Schacherer, David J Sherman, Nils Stein, Marie-Laure Straub, Agnès Thierry, Anke Trautwein-Schult, Benoit Vacherie, Eric Westhof, Sebastian Worch, Bernard Dujon, Jean-Luc Souciet, Patrick Wincker, Uwe Scholz, Cécile Neuvéglise. The complete genome of Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans LS3 - a yeast of biotechnological interest. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2014; 7 (1):66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gotthard Kunze; Claude Gaillardin; Ma¿gorzata Czernicka; Pascal Durrens; Tiphaine Martin; Erik Böer; Toni Gabaldón; Jose A Cruz; Emmanuel Talla; Christian Marck; André Goffeau; Valérie Barbe; Philippe Baret; Keith Baronian; Sebastian Beier; Claudine Bleykasten; Rüdiger Bode; Serge Casaregola; Laurence Despons; Cécile Fairhead; Martin Giersberg; Przemys¿aw Piotr Gierski; Urs Hähnel; Anja Hartmann; Dagmara Jankowska; Claire Jubin; Paul Jung; Ingrid Lafontaine; Véronique Leh-Louis; Marc Lemaire; Marina Marcet-Houben; Martin Mascher; Guillaume Morel; Guy-Franck Richard; Jan Riechen; Christine Sacerdot; Anasua Sarkar; Guilhem Savel; Joseph Schacherer; David J Sherman; Nils Stein; Marie-Laure Straub; Agnès Thierry; Anke Trautwein-Schult; Benoit Vacherie; Eric Westhof; Sebastian Worch; Bernard Dujon; Jean-Luc Souciet; Patrick Wincker; Uwe Scholz; Cécile Neuvéglise. 2014. "The complete genome of Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans LS3 - a yeast of biotechnological interest." Biotechnology for Biofuels 7, no. 1: 66.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2013 in African Affairs
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In its 2008 World Development Report, the World Bank pleaded for a ‘Green Revolution’ for sub-Saharan Africa, pointing particularly to the importance of including smallholder farmers. This article focuses on the banana cropping system in Rwanda, and on the agricultural innovations introduced within this system. We first consider macro-level innovations that are designed to promote a modernized agricultural sector and that correspond to the rationale of the Green Revolution. We analyse how such ‘top-down’ innovations are received on the ground and show how smallholders seek to evade new government policies when they fail to reflect local economic and social realities. This demonstrates how some rural Rwandans are challenging the authority of the government in disguised ways in order to protect their local livelihoods. The Rwandan experience should inspire continent-wide Green Revolution policies to take account of the risk-coping rationale of small-scale farmers and their capacity to innovate ‘from below’.

ACS Style

Julie Van Damme; An Ansoms; Philippe V. Baret. Agricultural innovation from above and from below: Confrontation and integration on Rwanda's Hills. African Affairs 2013, 113, 108 -127.

AMA Style

Julie Van Damme, An Ansoms, Philippe V. Baret. Agricultural innovation from above and from below: Confrontation and integration on Rwanda's Hills. African Affairs. 2013; 113 (450):108-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Van Damme; An Ansoms; Philippe V. Baret. 2013. "Agricultural innovation from above and from below: Confrontation and integration on Rwanda's Hills." African Affairs 113, no. 450: 108-127.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2013 in Ecological Modelling
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This paper presents a new cognitive mapping approach for analysing systems of practices in social-ecological systems. These systems are mapped from people's views collected during open-ended interviews. Cognitive maps are made up of diverse variables (e.g., operations, drivers, constraints) linked to each other by a range of relationships: cause-effect, fluxes of matter, information flows and sequence of two operations. Individual cognitive maps heuristically model the practices and decision-making processes expressed by interviewees. The mathematical formulation of cognitive maps allows individual cognitive maps to be aggregated into a social cognitive map. The latter can be used to model the system of practices used by a particular group of people. Using this approach, we analysed the practices and decision-making processes linked to grassland management in a Belgian grassland-based livestock farming system. Our work confirmed that a social cognitive map could be drawn up for multiple locations. The results showed how this inductive cognitive mapping approach overcame two limitations frequently highlighted in previous studies: the diverse interpretations of variables and relationships; and the difficulty in revealing the rationale in cognitive maps. © 2012 Elsevier B.V

ACS Style

Frédéric Vanwindekens; Didier Stilmant; Philippe Baret. Development of a broadened cognitive mapping approach for analysing systems of practices in social–ecological systems. Ecological Modelling 2013, 250, 352 -362.

AMA Style

Frédéric Vanwindekens, Didier Stilmant, Philippe Baret. Development of a broadened cognitive mapping approach for analysing systems of practices in social–ecological systems. Ecological Modelling. 2013; 250 ():352-362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frédéric Vanwindekens; Didier Stilmant; Philippe Baret. 2013. "Development of a broadened cognitive mapping approach for analysing systems of practices in social–ecological systems." Ecological Modelling 250, no. : 352-362.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2013 in Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences
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Social–Ecological Systems (SES) are complex due to uncertainty related to their nature and their functions. In these systems, decision-making processes and practices of managers are often value-laden and subjective, dominated by their world-views and their own knowledge. People’s knowledge are central in building their adaptive capacity but are seldom taken into account by traditional decision-making approaches in modelling SES management. In this paper, we introduce a Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping approach to study the dynamic behaviour of managers’ systems of practices. As a case study, we aim to assess farmers’ forage management under different climatic scenarios. Results show that summer drought have varying consequences according to farmers’ systems of practices. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping approaches are particularly relevant in studying systems of practices in SES. Their utilisation is promising for the evaluation of adaptive capacity and resilience in SES at local scale (exploitation, community) and regional scale (ecological areas, country).

ACS Style

Frédéric Vanwindekens; Didier Stilmant; Philippe Baret. The Relevance of Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approaches for Assessing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience in Social–Ecological Systems. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 2013, 587 -596.

AMA Style

Frédéric Vanwindekens, Didier Stilmant, Philippe Baret. The Relevance of Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approaches for Assessing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience in Social–Ecological Systems. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences. 2013; ():587-596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frédéric Vanwindekens; Didier Stilmant; Philippe Baret. 2013. "The Relevance of Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approaches for Assessing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience in Social–Ecological Systems." Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences , no. : 587-596.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Ecological Modelling
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The brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is among the most biologically diverse vertebrate species. Human activities are threatening this biodiversity, and many endemic populations now face a medium-term risk of extinction. An individual-based model called DemGenTrout was developed to improve the management of these populations. The model was parameterized, optimized and validated with demographic, genetic, and environmental data collected over 7 years on the Lesse River drainage (Belgium). The sensitivity of the model to its parameters was analysed. The model was then used to assess how the demogenetics of a wild trout population might be affected by anthropogenic disturbances. From the sensitivity analysis, we found that modifications in survival and spawning parameters could lead to important changes in the demogenetics of the studied brown trout population. Two parameters were identified as the most influential in the DemGenTrout model, the survival rate of fry in the brook, and the mean of the spawner condition factor distribution. Two scenarios were simulated over 35 years and compared: (i) a barrier to upstream spawning migration, (ii) stocking with hatchery-reared trout during a 10-year period. Both of them appeared to have a strong short-term impact on the demogenetic structure of the wild trout population. The migration barrier mostly impacted abundance, while genetic issues arose when a significant number of stocked fish survived in the wild. Stocking also appeared to act on a longer time frame if hatchery and wild trout had similar survival and spawning probabilities

ACS Style

Béatrice M. Frank; Philippe V. Baret. Simulating brown trout demogenetics in a river/nursery brook system: The individual-based model DemGenTrout. Ecological Modelling 2013, 248, 184 -202.

AMA Style

Béatrice M. Frank, Philippe V. Baret. Simulating brown trout demogenetics in a river/nursery brook system: The individual-based model DemGenTrout. Ecological Modelling. 2013; 248 ():184-202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Béatrice M. Frank; Philippe V. Baret. 2013. "Simulating brown trout demogenetics in a river/nursery brook system: The individual-based model DemGenTrout." Ecological Modelling 248, no. : 184-202.

Review
Published: 16 November 2012 in Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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Intensive livestock farming has raised issues about environmental impacts and food security during the past 20 years. As a consequence, there is a strong social demand for sustainable livestock systems. Sustainable livestock systems should indeed be environmentally friendly, economically viable for farmers, and socially acceptable, notably for animal welfare. For that goal, many sustainability indicators and methods have been developed at the farm level. The main challenge is using a transparent selection process to avoid assessment subjectivity. Here, we review typologies of sustainability indicators. We set guidelines for selecting indicators in a data-driven context, by reviewing selection criteria and discussing methodological issues. A case study is presented. The selected set of indicators mainly includes (1) environmental indicators focusing on farmer practices; (2) quantitative economic indicators; and (3) quantitative social indicators with a low degree of aggregation. The selection of indicators should consider (1) contextualization to determine purpose, scales, and stakeholders involved in the assessment; (2) the comparison of indicators based on various criteria, mainly data availability; and (3) the selection of a minimal, consistent, and sufficient set of indicators. Finally, we discuss the following issues: topics for which no indicators are measurable from available data should explicitly be mentioned in the results. A combination of means-based indicators could be used to assess a theme, but redundancy must be avoided. The unit used to express indicators influences the results and has therefore to be taken into account during interpretation. To compare farms from indicators, the influence of the structure on indicator values has to be carefully studied.

ACS Style

Thérésa Lebacq; Philippe Baret; Didier Stilmant. Sustainability indicators for livestock farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2012, 33, 311 -327.

AMA Style

Thérésa Lebacq, Philippe Baret, Didier Stilmant. Sustainability indicators for livestock farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2012; 33 (2):311-327.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thérésa Lebacq; Philippe Baret; Didier Stilmant. 2012. "Sustainability indicators for livestock farming. A review." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33, no. 2: 311-327.

Articles
Published: 19 June 2012 in International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
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Coffee and banana are important cash and food crops in Uganda and the surrounding East African highland region. Production is dominated by smallholders that have limited arable land and often coffee and banana are intercropped. No significant research and development efforts have been undertaken over the last few decades on this coffee/banana intercropping system. Because recent studies suggest that this system could be a practice with high benefits to the farmers, we decided to study the perceptions of stakeholders along the coffee value chain starting with farmers. Perception analysis based on open-ended interviews following interview guides revealed that a major limitation for the sustainability of this system was poor soil fertility conditions. Perceptions on the benefits of intercropping differed little among coffee actors; that is, banana intercropping provides additional food and income from smallholders’ limited land and helps farmers reduce risks related to drought, pest/disease attacks and coffee price volatility. However, farmers’ desire to minimize risks does not match the objective of stakeholders higher up the coffee value chain to maximize coffee production. Furthermore, research by public institutes, both national and international, is primarily organized for single crops and not systems. We conclude that the institutional setting of the coffee sector hampers the promotion of intercropping, despite the benefits for the farmer.

ACS Style

Laurence Jassogne; Piet van Asten; Ibrahim Wanyama; Philippe Baret. Perceptions and outlook on intercropping coffee with banana as an opportunity for smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2012, 11, 144 -158.

AMA Style

Laurence Jassogne, Piet van Asten, Ibrahim Wanyama, Philippe Baret. Perceptions and outlook on intercropping coffee with banana as an opportunity for smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2012; 11 (2):144-158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurence Jassogne; Piet van Asten; Ibrahim Wanyama; Philippe Baret. 2012. "Perceptions and outlook on intercropping coffee with banana as an opportunity for smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11, no. 2: 144-158.