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Miao Wu
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

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Journal article
Published: 20 March 2020 in Water
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The rapid economic development of river basins depends on the excessive use of water resources. China experienced a rapid development of hydropower projects in the last two decades and thus faces many ecological and environmental issues, especially in ecologically sensitive areas. Environmental flow is an important management tool that requires attention in the environmental impact assessment of hydropower projects. Environmental flows are of great significance for maintaining river structures and protecting the health of both aquatic ecosystems and human sustainable livelihoods. Although the government authorities have done much work in this area and attempted to consider technical requirements to address the negative externalities of hydropower projects, there are still defects in the basic procedures, calculation methods, and ultimately implementation process from policy to operationalization in terms of environmental flows. The official standards for environmental flows assessment mainly appear in two documents: 1. specification for calculation of environmental flow in rivers and lakes; and 2. code for calculation ecological flow of hydropower projects. This paper reviewed the overarching framework of the two documents and then summarized their fitness in terms of environmental flows implementation in hydropower projects. The research status of environmental flows and future directions for China were also proposed in this paper.

ACS Style

Miao Wu; Ang Chen; Xingnan Zhang; Michael E. McClain. A Comment on Chinese Policies to Avoid Negative Impacts on River Ecosystems by Hydropower Projects. Water 2020, 12, 869 .

AMA Style

Miao Wu, Ang Chen, Xingnan Zhang, Michael E. McClain. A Comment on Chinese Policies to Avoid Negative Impacts on River Ecosystems by Hydropower Projects. Water. 2020; 12 (3):869.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miao Wu; Ang Chen; Xingnan Zhang; Michael E. McClain. 2020. "A Comment on Chinese Policies to Avoid Negative Impacts on River Ecosystems by Hydropower Projects." Water 12, no. 3: 869.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2019 in Sustainability
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The implementation of environmental flows is of the utmost importance for ecosystem protection and restoration in dammed rivers. A key challenge in optimizing dam regulation is the uncertainty of the ecohydrology relationship between flow release and ecological response. In the present paper, we develop a framework of dam classification to organize the categories of the ecohydrology relationship for implementing environmental flows. Dams are classified from three major categories that differ in dam properties, hydrological alteration, and downstream hydrobiological diversities based on the relationship of hydrology and ecology. Finally, 773 dams in China are screened and ranked into four classes involving a great diversity of environmental flow components. A classification of dams that utilizes the implementation of environmental flows is presented. (1) Class 1 includes dams with rare and endangered fish species in the downstream. It is the category with the highest priority for environmental flow releases and regulation, requiring continuous flow and flood pulse components for fish spawning and migration. (2) Class 2 includes dams with significant hydrological alteration in the downstream. It is the category with second priority for environmental flow releases and regulation, requiring natural hydrological regimes simulation or complete flow component recovery for optimizing the flow duration curve and mitigating adverse impacts of dam operation. (3) Class 3 includes dams with a high degree of regulation where there is urgency for environmental flow releases and regulation, requiring that minimum flow is guaranteed by cascade reservoir regulation. (4) Class 4 includes dams with a low degree of regulation where there is less urgency for environmental flow releases and regulation. This classification method is important for future research, including environmental flow release regulation and the effectiveness evaluation of environmental flow adaptive management. It will be useful for guiding the implementation of environmental flows.

ACS Style

Ang Chen; Miao Wu; Michael E. McClain. Classifying Dams for Environmental Flow Implementation in China. Sustainability 2019, 12, 107 .

AMA Style

Ang Chen, Miao Wu, Michael E. McClain. Classifying Dams for Environmental Flow Implementation in China. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ang Chen; Miao Wu; Michael E. McClain. 2019. "Classifying Dams for Environmental Flow Implementation in China." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 107.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2019 in Water Science and Engineering
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In recent decades, a series of policies and practices for environmental flows (e-flows) have been implemented in China, with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources among social, economic, and ecological needs. The aims of this study were to determine the main challenges and issues in e-flows implementation at different scales by analyzing policies and practices for e-flows in China, and to propose some recommendations for bridging the gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows. The gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows were found after review of literature, policies, and practices, and it was found that ecological flow was a more widely used term by the government, rather than e-flows, in implementation. The plans and effects of e-flows implementation are discussed in this paper and challenges of e-flows implementation are recognized: (1) limited water resources and uneven spatial and temporal distribution, (2) a weak scientific basis for e-flows implementation, (3) poor operability of e-flows science, and (4) ineffective supervision and guarantee measures. The recommendations are (1) to strengthen the scientific foundation of e-flows, (2) to improve effectiveness in application of e-flows science, and (3) to propose operable and effective supervision and guarantee measures. This paper elaborates the current understanding of e-flows science and provides practical recommendations for implementing e-flows and for improving the effectiveness in e-flows implementation. To bridge the gaps between science and implementation of e-flows and improve the operability of policies in future practices, more scientific research on practices is recommended through adaptive management.

ACS Style

Ang Chen; Miao Wu; Sai-Nan Wu; Xin Sui; Jing-Ya Wen; Peng-Yuan Wang; Lin Cheng; Guy R. Lanza; Chun-Na Liu; Wan-Lin Jia. Bridging gaps between environmental flows theory and practices in China. Water Science and Engineering 2019, 12, 284 -292.

AMA Style

Ang Chen, Miao Wu, Sai-Nan Wu, Xin Sui, Jing-Ya Wen, Peng-Yuan Wang, Lin Cheng, Guy R. Lanza, Chun-Na Liu, Wan-Lin Jia. Bridging gaps between environmental flows theory and practices in China. Water Science and Engineering. 2019; 12 (4):284-292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ang Chen; Miao Wu; Sai-Nan Wu; Xin Sui; Jing-Ya Wen; Peng-Yuan Wang; Lin Cheng; Guy R. Lanza; Chun-Na Liu; Wan-Lin Jia. 2019. "Bridging gaps between environmental flows theory and practices in China." Water Science and Engineering 12, no. 4: 284-292.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2019 in Water
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Environmental flows (e-flows) are important for river protection and restoration under degraded ecological conditions. With increasing public desire for and pursuit of sustainable development, e-flows are widely used to reflect the hydrological regime requirements for sustaining freshwater ecosystems and human livelihoods. Over the past 40 years, e-flows implementation has shifted from static minimum flows to dynamic flow components. However, e-flows standards used to manage flow releases from dams are to a great extent based on expert judgement and government supervision. These attributes make it difficult to effectively implement e-flows in the non-stationary world. The primary focus of this paper is to review the history, management systems and scientific basis of e-flows in China. Firstly, the study classifies the development phases into four periods and then analyses the underpinning legal system for e-flows implementation in each period, including the laws, regulations, policies and responsible authorities. Finally, the scientific basis and methods for e-flows determination and assessment were analyzed. The study showed that: (1) e-flows have been officially regarded as ecological flow in China, which evolved from minimum flow, and the contents and connotations are still broadening; (2) currently, there are too many authorities related to e-flows and complicated legal documents in China which lead to ineffective implementation; (3) the scientific basis of e-flows is enriched from the relationship between hydrological alteration and ecological response, so that the practices will be more holistic in China. Despite the successful practices of e-flows implementation in large rivers, there are challenges for implementing future e-flows in small rivers. This study recommended that future e-flows implementation be integrated with sustainable water management by setting clear responsibilities for governments, ministries, and other stakeholders.

ACS Style

Ang Chen; Miao Wu. Managing for Sustainability: The Development of Environmental Flows Implementation in China. Water 2019, 11, 433 .

AMA Style

Ang Chen, Miao Wu. Managing for Sustainability: The Development of Environmental Flows Implementation in China. Water. 2019; 11 (3):433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ang Chen; Miao Wu. 2019. "Managing for Sustainability: The Development of Environmental Flows Implementation in China." Water 11, no. 3: 433.