Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilzeck var. radiata) is a protein-rich short-duration legume that fits well as a rotation crop into major cereal production systems of East and South-East Asia. Salinity stress in arid areas affects mungbean, being more of a glycophyte than cereals. A significant portion of the global arable land is either salt or sodium affected. Thus, studies to understand and improve salt-stress tolerance are imminent. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to mine genomic loci underlying salt-stress tolerance during seed germination of mungbean. The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) mungbean minicore collection representing the diversity of mungbean germplasm was utilized as the study panel and variation for salt stress tolerance was found in this germplasm collection. The germplasm panel was classed into two agro-climatic groups and showed significant differences in their germination abilities under salt stress. A total of 5288 SNP markers obtained through genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) were used to mine alleles associated with salt stress tolerance. Associated SNPs were identified on chromosomes 7 and 9. The associated region at chromosome 7 (position 2,696,072 to 2,809,200 bp) contains the gene Vradi07g01630, which was annotated as the ammonium transport protein (AMT). The associated region in chromosome 9 (position 19,390,227 bp to 20,321,817 bp) contained the genes Vradi09g09510 and Vradi09g09600, annotated as OsGrx_S16-glutaredoxin subgroup II and dnaJ domain proteins respectively. These proteins were reported to have functions related to salt-stress tolerance.

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic model of fruit color in the bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Six generations (P 1 , P 2 , F 1 , F 2 , BCP 1 , and BCP 2) in the hybrid set "MS 41 × MS 47" were used to estimate the genetic effects via generation mean analysis (GMA). The fruit color of the F 1 population was green implying the green color was dominant over the white color. The fruit color of the F 2 population showed a continuous distribution from white to dark green indicating this trait was controlled by quantitative genes. Genetic analyses using the Royal Horticultural Society scoring system (RHS score) fitted the three parameters model (χ 2 3 = 1.59, P = 0.6607) and showed significant to highly significant additive and dominance effects, respectively. The GMA results of the six parameters model revealed a significant additive effect on chlorophyll b concentration. Chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentrations were nonsignificant in all parameters. The magnitudes of additive and additive × additive gene effects were larger than those of the dominance and dominance × dominance gene effects, which revealed that additive genes were more important in the contribution to chlorophyll concentrations. Broad-sense heritability estimates for color traits were 0.39, 0.611, 0.470, and 0.460 for concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and RHS score, respectively. In contrast to previous findings, with the GMA analysis we believe that the genetic model of fruit color in bitter gourd is clearly a quantitative model.

In vitro regeneration system was developed for the hermaphrodite papaya 'Red Lady' using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with and 1.0 mgL-1) or kinetin (10 mgL-1) in combination with-1). Media consisted of 0.5 or 1.0 mgL-1 BAP in combination with 0.1 mgL-1 NAA were determined to be the most effective based on the percentage of explants that produced shoots (93.33 and respectively). Shoot multiplication and elongation was achieved 30 days after transferring the initiated shoots to full-strength MS supplemented with 0.5 mgL-1-1 200-400 mgL-1 casein hydrolysate (CH). Effect of full and haft-strength MS medium supplemented with different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0.0-4.0 mgL-1) was tested for rooting. Adventitious rooting occurred after subculturing excised shoots on a medium containing 2.0 or 2.5 mgL-1 IBA and 300 mgL-1 potting medium consisting of peat moss: perlite (1:1). After 40 This protocol can be used for commercial production of 'Red Lady' papaya plantlets. MS medium.