The present study evaluates the groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes and determines physicochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran. In order to investigate the water quality, sampling was done in 654 open dug wells, the chemical parameters were analyzed, and water quality index was determined. In this regard, Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar Stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), Larson–Skold index (LS), and Aggressiveness index (AI) were considered to determine water suitability for industrial purposes. Finally, the analytical results were taken to generate the numerical spatial distribution of the parameters using the geographic information system (GIS) environment. According to the results, water sources were less corrosive based on AI and PSI, low and light corrosion according to RSI, and corrosion according to the Larsson–Sckold index. The results of the drinking water quality index showed that 1.2% shared extraction wells were classified as excellent, 52.1% as good, 39% as poor, 6% as very poor, and 1.7% as unsuitable for drinking purpose classes. In addition, irrigating water quality index illustrated that 19.9% and 80.1% wells were placed in the “excellent” and “Good” classes, respectively. Also, the quality of water in this study was categorized as brackish.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation purpose through GIS in villages of Chabahr city, Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out from 2010 to 2011 the 1-year-monitoring period. The water samples were collected from 40 open dug wells in order to investigate the water quality. Chemical parameters including EC, SAR, Na+, Cl-, pH, TDS, HCO3- and IWQI were analyzed. In order to calculate the irrigation water quality index subsequent five water quality parameters (EC, SAR, Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- ) were utilized. Among the total of 40 samples were analyzed for IWQI, 40% of the samples classified as excellent water, 60% of the samples in good water category.

Access to drinking water is one of the most important indicators determined by the World Health Organization (WHO). This investigation surveyed the concentration of various pollutants in drinking water and its health risk attribute to Arsenic in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Water samples were collected from ground water and analyzed for physical parameters, anions, and heavy metals using the standard procedures. The concentrations of sulfate (269 ± 127 mg/l) in five sites exceeded the permissible limit (250 mg/l), while chlorine concentrations (223 ± 100 mg/l) in four sites exceeded the permissible limit (250 mg/l) set by WHO. Similarly, the concentrations of Mg (30 ± 11 mg/l) in four sites exceeded the permissible limit (30 mg/l), while Na concentrations (222 ± 99 mg/l) in five sites exceeded the permissible limit (200 mg/l) set by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). In addition, arsenic was in acceptable levels recommended by WHO and local regulations. Based on the calculated indices of hazard qutient (HR) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), the in-use drinking water has no adverse effects on the consumer's health. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, unsuitable sewerage systems, and inappropriate sludge and solid waste disposal in this province can lead to drinking water pollution. Also, excessive pumping of ground water should be managed as an effective method for supply of safe drinking water.

During farming practices in rural areas, various fertilizers are used, which can lead to the contamination of groundwater resources with nitrate and, consequently, can affect the health of consumers. This study aimed to investigate the drinking suitability of the groundwater resources in rural areas of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan province, Iran using drinking water quality index (DWQI) and also estimation of the non-carcinogenic health risk induced by nitrate due to the drinking route. Sixty groundwater samples collected (2018) from active dug-wells and twelve parameters (TDS, pH, TH, EC, HCO₃⁻, K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄^2-, and NO₃⁻) were measured to calculate DWQI. Also, non-carcinogenic risk assessment was carried out for four exposed groupsusing two different approaches: deterministic andprobabilistic by Monte Carlo simulation. The results of WQI showed that 61.66, 31.66, and 6.66% of samples fall within the class of excellent, good, and poor quality, respectively. The nitrate concentration in drinking water ranged from 36.06 ± 14.32 mg/L. The HQ mean for infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 0.90158, 1.17205, 0.90158, and 0.70436, respectively.Probability estimation showed the HQ values for the 5th, and 95th percentile in infants, children, teenagers, and adult groups were (0.52–2.53), (0.27–1.54), (0.25–1.40), and (0.15–0.71), respectively. Sensitivity analysis results showed that the most effective parameter in the non-carcinogenic risk in all exposed groups was NO₃⁻ concentration. Generally, nitrate concentration was relatively high and required more attention especially in agriculture and management of the use of fertilisers.