The almost ideal demand system (AIDS) model was used to estimate tourism expenditure allocation by US and West European countries among a range of Mediterranean destinations. The approach has the advantage of an explicit basis in consumer expenditure theory and, by modelling the changes in the budget shares of expenditure among destinations, provides new information relative to that provided by the traditional single equation approach. The estimated model was econometrically satisfactory, although symmetry and homogeneity were rejected, in line with the findings of past studies of consumer demand. The expenditure elasticities demonstrated considerable differences in tourism demand preferences between origin countries, and between traditional and newly developing destinations. The own-and cross-price elasticities indicated the importance of effective prices in determining the allocation of expenditure among destinations.

A series of countries have focused on shipbuilding public policies, as it is commonly considered a deliberate industry and influences employment levels in many regions. Establishing key performance indicators can be a challenge to shipbuilding policymakers. This paper suggests an approach to this issue, based on three different MCDM techniques: the fuzzy DEMATEL, the Fuzzy ANP, and the MOORA. This approach makes it achievable to estimate performance and competitiveness, considering 25 different variables comprising four different viewpoints of a balanced scorecard approach. These dimensions include finance, customer, internal process, and learning and growth aspects. The methodology is applied to the analysis of the active shipyards of the Bay of Bengal Basin countries. Our main findings indicate that shipyards which are effective in ‘customer’ variables perform higher performance, while variables constituting the ‘learning and growth’ dimension demonstrate lower impact on it. Additionally, the dimensions of ‘finance’ and ‘customer’ show uttered impacts on the other dimensions, while ‘learning and growth’ has no impact on the other perspectives of the balanced scorecard. Through this methodology, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers might acquire a penetrating overview into the drivers of the global shift in shipbuilding industry.

The paper investigates the impact of CEO duality/separation on the financial performance of shipping firms. This is an interesting case sector, as a growin