This report aims to provide the audience with a guideline for construction and characterisation of nanobiosensors that are based on widely used affinity probes including antibodies and aptamers.

The field of nanomedicine is currently in a revolutionary phase, propelled by the significant potential of nanoparticles, which offer several advantages over traditional drug delivery systems. The purpose of this paper is to aggregate contemporary knowledge of nanoparticles developed and applied in drug delivery across major disease classes. Accordingly, we offer, through a thorough search of the literature, a comprehensive overview of the prevalent nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems, covering polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic, and carbon-based nanoparticles, and discuss their advantages and limitations. This work primarily focuses on studies published in the last 5 years, aiming to provide an up-to-date assessment of the critical nanoparticles in drug delivery. Narratively, we synthesize a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in nanocarrier technology, providing in-depth insights into the key nanoparticle types presented in the contemporary literature, their fundamental benefits, potential clinical applications, and limitations impeding their development and adoption. We note that there are gaps and opportunities for concerted efforts focused on developing biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles, establishing scalable and cost-effective manufacturing processes, and addressing regulatory challenges associated with nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. These challenges persist despite the immense translational success of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and necessitate continued interdisciplinary research and cross-industry collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and regulatory bodies.

The unique ability to rapidly amplify low copy number DNA has made in vitro Polymerase Chain Reaction one of the most fundamental techniques in modern biology. In order to harness this technique to its full potential, certain obstacles such as nonspecific by-products, low yield and complexity of GC rich and long genomic DNA amplification need to be surmounted. As in vitro PCR does not have any regulatory mechanisms unlike its counterpart in vivo DNA replication machinery, scientists often use a number of additives like glycerol, betaine, dimethyl sulphoxide and formamide in order to achieve the perfection of in vivo systems. In the last two decades nanotechnology has provided excellent solutions to many classical problems in various scientific fields including biotechnology and recently the PCR technique has begun to benefit from this so called “Nano Era”. In this review, the impacts of several nanomaterials on PCR efficiency, specificity and fidelity are described in accordance with the recent literature. Putative interaction mechanisms between nanomaterials and primary PCR components are also addressed in a comprehensive manner.